Hygiene: new hopes, new horizons.

Although promotion of safe hygiene is the single most cost-effective means of preventing infectious disease, investment in hygiene is low both in the health and in the water and sanitation sectors. Evidence shows the benefit of improved hygiene, especially for improved handwashing and safe stool disposal. A growing understanding of what drives hygiene behaviour and creative partnerships are providing fresh approaches to change behaviour. However, some important gaps in our knowledge exist. For example, almost no trials of the effectiveness of interventions to improve food hygiene in developing countries are available. We also need to figure out how best to make safe hygiene practices matters of daily routine that are sustained by social norms on a mass scale. Full and active involvement of the health sector in getting safe hygiene to all homes, schools, and institutions will bring major gains to public health

Financement De La Caisse De Solidarité Du District Sanitaire De Youwarou Au Mali : Une Revue Systématique De Littérature

Objectif : Evaluer le mécanisme de financement de la caisse de solidarité dans le cadre du système de référence-évacuation du district sanitaire de Youwarou. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une revue systématique de la littérature réalisée du 1er Mai au 30 Juin 2017 sur le district de Youwarou. Les données sont issues de la littérature accessible sur internet et de la littérature grise (plans d’actions, documents de politique, rapports) disponible au Mali. Les moteurs de recherche PUBMED et Google scholar ont été utilisés. Les informations ont été répertoriées dans les rubriques suivantes : i) contexte, ii) processus, iii) contenu et iv) acteurs selon le modèle proposé par Gilson et European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431 January 2021 edition Vol.17, No.3 www.eujournal.org 191 Walt. Résultat : Le financement de la caisse de solidarité lancé en 2006 a connu d’énormes insuffisances de financement, ainsi le taux de paiement des quotes-parts de 2006 à 2009, était de 43% pour les mairies, 73% pour les ASACO et de 15% pour le conseil de cercle. Malgré la révision en 2013 ayant abouti au scénario de paiement par les ménages, le taux de paiement n’était que de 12%. Conclusion : Le déficit de financement de la caisse de solidarité du système de référence-évacuation est lié au faible engagement et de contribution des collectivités décentralisées et des associations de santé communautaire. Un plaidoyer auprès des acteurs communautaires pour plus d’engagement de mobilisation des ressources au niveau des collectivités rurales en vue d’assurer un système de référence évacuation fiable et réduire ainsi les décès maternels et néonataux. Objective: Evaluate the financing mechanism of the solidarity fund within the framework of the referral-evacuation system of the Youwarou health district. Method: This is a systematic review of the literature carried out from May 1 to June 30, 2017 in the district of Youwarou. The data are resulted of the literature available on the internet and gray literature (action plans, policy documents, reports) available in Mali. The PUBMED and European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431 January 2021 edition Vol.17, No.3 www.eujournal.org 192 Google scholar search engines were used. The information has been listed under the following headings: i) context, ii) process, iii) content and iv) actors according to the model proposed by Gilson and Walt. Result: The financing of the solidarity fund launched in 2006 experienced enormous funding shortfalls, so the rate of payment of quotas from 2006 to 2009 was 43% for municipalities, 73% for ASACOs and 15% for the circle council. Despite the revision in 2013 that resulted in the household payment scenario, the payment rate was only 12%. Conclusion: The financing deficit of the solidarity fund of the referral-evacuation system is linked to the weak commitment and contribution of decentralized communities and community health associations. Advocacy with community actors for more commitment to mobilize resources at the level of rural communities in order to ensure a reliable referral-evacuation system and thus reduce maternal and neonatal deaths

Dilatation aigue de l’estomac: à propos de 02 cas et revue de la literature

La dilatation aiguë de l'estomac est une pathologie rare. Elle est classiquement observée en psychiatrie dans les troubles du comportement alimentaire. Le diagnostic préopératoire est difficile et fait appel à la radiologie. La mortalité liée aux complications varie entre 80% et 100%. Nous rapportons 2cas de dilatation aiguë de l'estomac prises en charge au service de Chirurgie Générale de l'Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar dont l'une était compliquée de nécrose et l'autre d'une rupture gastrique. Il s'agissait de 2 patients dont l'un était de sexe masculin âgé de 32 ans et l'autre de sexe féminin âgée de 36 ans. Ils étaient reçus dans un tableau de douleurs abdominales aiguës et un état de collapsus cardiovasculaire. L'examen avait retrouvé un syndrome d'irritation péritonéale chez les 2 patients. A la biologie, on notait une anémie chez tous les patients. A la radiographie de l'abdomen sans préparation, on notait un pneumopéritoine massif chez le patient et un gros niveau hydro-aérique chez la patiente. Le diagnostic préopératoire était une péritonite par perforation d'organe creux chez le patient et une occlusion intestinale aiguë chez la patiente. Après une réanimation, la laparotomie avait permis de retrouver une dilatation énorme de l'estomac avec une large rupture au niveau de la petite courbure chez le patient et une dilatation importante de l'estomac avec une nécrose du fundus chez la patiente. Une suture de la petite courbure était réalisée chez le patient et une gastrectomie atypique fundique chez la patiente. Les suites opératoires étaient marquées par un décès chez le patient au deuxième jour post-opératoire et une sténose gastrique chez la patiente nécessitant une gastrectomie totale.La dilatation aiguë de l'estomac est une pathologie rare. Son diagnostic aux urgences est difficile car les signes ne sont pas spécifiques. Les formes compliquées donnent un tableau d'abdomen chirurgical aigu. L'exploration chirurgicale pose le diagnostic. Le traitement des complications va de la suture à la gastrectomie. La mortalité dans les formes compliquées est élevée.Pan African Medical Journal 2015; 2

Improving microbiological food Safety in peri-urban Mali; an experimental study

Introduction: Twenty years ago, a WHO review of the literature assumed that most food-borne disease transmission in developing countries takes place within the home, and advocated a major programme of interdisciplinary research to develop and test cost-effective interventions to promote food hygiene. Methods: The HACCP approach was applied step by step, to two selected weaning foods prepared by 15 volunteer mothers in peri-urban Mali. After setting Critical Control Points (CCP), actions were taken to control, reduce or eliminate microbial growth at these points. 432 food samples were collected and examined for thermotolerant coliforms in a local laboratory to assess the effectiveness of the approach. Lessons learnt were translated into messages delivered in a pilot study. Results: Traditional cooking was very effective in eliminating faecal contamination; reheating was as effective as cooking when adopted, because there was no significant difference in the temperatures reached in both cases. Behavioural corrective actions were effective in controlling faecal contamination at the other CCPs (serving the child after cooking and after reheating). Conclusion: In conclusion, the HACCP experiment improved significantly the bacterial safety of both types of weaning food studied. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd

Evaluation du système de surveillance épidémiologique de la fièvre jaune dans le district sanitaire de Kadiolo, 2020

Yellow fever is an acute hemorrhagic disease of viral origin caused by a flavivirus transmitted between humans, via domestic mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes species or transmitted to humans from the reservoir constituted by primates. The fatality rate is between 25% and 50%. The preventive measures available to countries have largely proven their effectiveness. The WHO estimates that 200,000 cases of yellow fever and 30,000 deaths from the disease worldwide are estimated to be 200,000 each year. Africa is the most affected continent, with 95% of cases recorded worldwide. In Mali, on December 5, 2019, the Government of Mali officially declared an outbreak of yellow fever in the regions of Sikasso and Koulikoro. It is in this context that we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study from January 01, 2020 to December 31, 2020 on data from the epidemiological surveillance of yellow fever for the year 2020. The epidemiological surveillance indicators evaluated were very good overall. The general objective was to evaluate the yellow fever epidemiological surveillance system from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 in the Kadiolo Health District. Keywords: Evaluation, Epidemiological Surveillance, Yellow Fever, Kadiolo.Yellow fever is a notifiable disease. It is likely to cause epidemic outbreaks with high mortality. The fatality rate can vary between 25% and 50%. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the number of cases at 200,000 each year, with the majority on the African continent. The preventive measures available to countries have largely proven their effectiveness. In Mali, on December 5, 2019, the Government officially declared an outbreak of yellow fever in two highly populated regions of the country, Sikasso and Koulikoro. It is in this context that we conducted this descriptive cross-sectional study. The general objective was to evaluate the yellow fever epidemiological surveillance system from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 in the Kadiolo Health District. The evaluation of the epidemiological surveillance system for yellow fever in the health district of Kadiolo made it possible to verify the capacities of this district to deal with the occurrence of possible outbreaks. The epidemiological surveillance indicators assessed were good overall

Evaluation du système de surveillance épidémiologique de la fièvre jaune dans le district sanitaire de Kadiolo, 2020

Yellow fever is an acute hemorrhagic disease of viral origin caused by a flavivirus transmitted between humans, via domestic mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes species or transmitted to humans from the reservoir constituted by primates. The fatality rate is between 25% and 50%. The preventive measures available to countries have largely proven their effectiveness. The WHO estimates that 200,000 cases of yellow fever and 30,000 deaths from the disease worldwide are estimated to be 200,000 each year. Africa is the most affected continent, with 95% of cases recorded worldwide. In Mali, on December 5, 2019, the Government of Mali officially declared an outbreak of yellow fever in the regions of Sikasso and Koulikoro. It is in this context that we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study from January 01, 2020 to December 31, 2020 on data from the epidemiological surveillance of yellow fever for the year 2020. The epidemiological surveillance indicators evaluated were very good overall. The general objective was to evaluate the yellow fever epidemiological surveillance system from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 in the Kadiolo Health District. Keywords: Evaluation, Epidemiological Surveillance, Yellow Fever, Kadiolo.Yellow fever is a notifiable disease. It is likely to cause epidemic outbreaks with high mortality. The fatality rate can vary between 25% and 50%. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the number of cases at 200,000 each year, with the majority on the African continent. The preventive measures available to countries have largely proven their effectiveness. In Mali, on December 5, 2019, the Government officially declared an outbreak of yellow fever in two highly populated regions of the country, Sikasso and Koulikoro. It is in this context that we conducted this descriptive cross-sectional study. The general objective was to evaluate the yellow fever epidemiological surveillance system from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 in the Kadiolo Health District. The evaluation of the epidemiological surveillance system for yellow fever in the health district of Kadiolo made it possible to verify the capacities of this district to deal with the occurrence of possible outbreaks. The epidemiological surveillance indicators assessed were good overall

Options de Modèles d’Affaires pour Assurer la Durabilité de l’Utilisation des Services d’Information Climatique au Sénégal

USAID/CINSERE (Services d’information climatiques pour améliorer la résilience et la productivité au Sénégal) est un projet de résilience qui vise à renforcer les capacités nationales pour la production, l’accès et la diffusion efficiente d’informations météorologiques et climatiques (IC) et de développer des stratégies pour une mise à l’échelle durable de l’utilisation des services d’information météorologiques et climatiques (SIC) sur toute l’étendue du territoire national. Le projet est financé par l’USAID et mis en œuvre par le Programme de Recherche du CGIAR sur le Changement Climatique, l’Agriculture et la Sécurité Alimentaire hébergé par ICRISAT (CCAFS/ICRISAT) en collaboration avec l’ANACIM. La zone d’intervention du projet est celle des projets Feed the Future (FtF) au Sénégal, notamment Naatal Mbay (clôturé en 2019), Yaajeende (remplacé par Kawolor en 2018), ERA (remplacé par Youth in Agriculture en 2018) et COMFISH (remplacé par Dekkal Geej en 2019). Démarré en Mai 2016 pour une durée de trois ans (Jusqu’en mai 2019), le projet a bénéficié d’une extension d’un an. Ainsi, cette première phase de l’USAID/CINSERE prend fin en avril 2020. Durant presque quatre années de mise en œuvre, des résultats assez probants ont été atteints tant dans la production des SIC, la communication et l’utilisation de ces SIC, que dans le renforcement des capacités des bénéficiaires à utiliser de façon efficiente ces SIC. Dans le souci de préserver les acquis du projet et d’assurer une mise à l’échelle soutenue du système de développement et de fourniture des IC en vue d’une utilisation durable des IC au Sénégal, l’USAID a recommandé l’identification, le test, la validation et la mise en œuvre de modèles économiques viables impliquant des partenaires aussi bien du public que du privé (PPP). Le projet USAID/CINSERE s’est donc inspiré des expériences et leçons apprises au Sénégal, au Ghana, au Mali, en Inde et en Amérique Latine (Colombie) en matière de modèles économiques dans la fourniture des SIC pour bâtir des modèles adaptés au contexte du Sénégal. Ce document présente les modèles identifiés ainsi que les défis et perspectives

Appendicular peritonitis in situs inversus totalis: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p><it>Situs inversus </it>is a congenital anomaly characterized by the transposition of the abdominal viscera. When associated with dextrocardia, it is known as <it>situs inversus totalis</it>. This condition is rare and can be a diagnostic problem when associated with appendicular peritonitis.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report the case of a 20-year-old African man who presented to the emergency department with a 4-day history of diffuse abdominal pain, which began in his left iliac region and hypogastrium. After examination, we initiated a surgical exploration for peritonitis. We discovered a <it>situs inversus </it>at the left side of his liver, and his appendix was perforated in its middle third. A complementary post-operative thoracic and abdominal tomodensitometry revealed a <it>situs inversus totalis</it>.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Appendicular peritonitis in <it>situs inversus </it>is a rare association that can present a diagnostic problem. Morphologic exploration methods such as ultrasonography, tomodensitometry, magnetic resonance imaging, and laparoscopy may contribute to the early management of the disease and give guidance in choosing the most appropriate treatment for patients.</p

Malaria Transmission Pattern in an Area Selected for Clinical Trials in the Sudanian Area of Senegal (West Africa)

Malaria transmission pattern was studied in 3 villages (Toubanding, Daga Ndoup, and Keur Samba Guèye) situated within an area selected for clinical trials. The study was conducted in the rainy season from July to December 2011. The main objective of this work was to gather baseline data on malaria transmission intensity and other entomological parameters before the advent of clinical trials. Mosquitoes were collected by Human-Landing Collections (HLCs) and by pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs). Five anopheline species were collected, namely, An. arabiensis, An. gambiae, An. funestus, An. pharoensis, and An. rufipes, giving a heterogeneous distribution within the study area. The populations dynamics of the vectors varied temporarily in each village depending on the pattern of the rainy season. Transmission intensity estimated by the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was measured in each of the three villages with the variations linked to the microecological differences between the villages. Measurements were calculated for August, September, and October and were found to vary between 4 and 30 infected bites per person over the study period with a peak intensity observed in September. These results indicate that epidemiological field trials on malaria could be conducted in this area on the basis of the differences observed with transmission intensity, micro-ecological variations, and the objectives of the trials