Role of microbiota gut-brain axis on stress

Stress is a nonspecific response of the body to any demand imposed upon it, disrupting the body homoeostasis and manifested with symptoms such as anxiety, depression or even headache. These responses are quite frequent in the present competitive world. The aim of this review is to explore the effect of stress on gut microbiota. First, we summarize evidence of where the microbiota composition has changed as a response to a stressful situation, and thereby the effect of the stress response. Likewise, we review different interventions that can modulate microbiota and could modulate the stress according to the underlying mechanisms whereby the gut–brain axis influences stress. Finally, we review both preclinical and clinical studies that provide evidence of the effect of gut modulation on stress. In conclusion, the influence of stress on gut microbiota and gut microbiota on stress modulation is clear for different stressors, but although the preclinical evidence is so extensive, the clinical evidence is more limited. A better understanding of the mechanism underlying stress modulation through the microbiota may open new avenues for the design of therapeutics that could boost the pursued clinical benefits. These new designs should not only focus on stress but also on stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression, in both healthy individuals and different population

Evaluación de bienestar de vacas lecheras en sistema de producción a pequeña escala aplicando el protocolo propuesto por Welfare Quality®

trabajo de colaboración interinstitucionalLa información de bienestar animal (BA) en las unidades de producción (UP) de México es escasa, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de bienestar de vacas lecheras en producción, mediante la aplicación del protocolo europeo Welfare Quality® (WQ®) en cuatro municipios del estado de Hidalgo. Se evaluaron 1,187 vacas en producción, secas y vaquillas gestantes, distribuidas en 52 UP, seleccionadas por pertenecer al sistema familiar y participación voluntaria. En los formatos de WQ® se recabó la información por encuesta estructurada, medición de recursos y a partir de la observación animal, con ajustes a las condiciones del sistema de producción y respetando el orden y tiempo sugerido por el protocolo. En el análisis de la información se aplicaron los algoritmos de árbol de decisiones, suma ponderada y funciones I-Spline y la integral de Choquet. La clasificación final coloca a todas las UP como aceptables y corroborado en el simulador de WQ® en línea. La calificación en cada Principio (P) fue de 39 puntos para P1, 48 para P2, 23 en P3 y P4 con 28 puntos. Aun cuando el protocolo es una herramienta útil para la valoración del bienestar animal en el sistema de producción a pequeña escala del altiplano mexicano, la aplicabilidad no es total, por ello se hace necesario el desarrollo de protocolos propios, validados y probados científicamente que representen más fehacientemente la realidad del bienestar animal en este sistema.Proyecto financiado por Fundación Hidalgo Produce A.C

Characterization of fruit and vegetable waste as an alternative ruminant feed in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico

Objective: to characterize and measure the amount of fruit residues generated during four weeks in a commercial establishment dedicated to the elaboration and sale of fruit juices and cocktails in Pachuca City, Hidalgo, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approximation: The total of fruit residues generated in a working day (one day) in an establishment dedicated to the sale of juices and smoothies in the city of Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, Mexico was collected from Monday to Saturday during four weeks in September and October 2019. The residues were daily weighed and separated according to the type of fruit and analyzed for dry matter, crude protein and ash. The design was completely random. Results: the orange peel predominated, and the volume of residues was constant accumulating 465 kg during the four weeks. The moisture content was from 75 to 94%, depending on the type of fruit. The CP concentration was from 4.33 to 6.95% except for the papaya peel (11.55% CP) Limitations/Implications: An alternative to avoid landfill deposition of this wastes is to subject it to a silage process and thus reduce negative impacts on the environment, generate valuable products and reduce pressure on natural resources. Findings/Conclusions: The amount of fruit and vegetable wastes is constant throughout the week, its proportion of dry matter is low, but it can be combined with cereal straw and ensiled to generate valuable products and avoid its deposition in landfills.Objective: Measure and characterize the fruit and vegetable waste generated duringa working day in a commercial juice and fruit cocktail establishment in Pachuca,Hidalgo, Mexico, for four weeks.Design/ methodology/ approach: The total amount of fruit waste generated duringa working day in a commercial juice and smoothie establishment in Pachuca,Hidalgo, Mexico, was collected Monday through Saturday for four weeks inSeptember and October 2019. Waste was weighted and separated daily into thedifferent types of fruit. We then analyzed their dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP),and ash (Ash) content. The experimental design was completely randomized.Results: The amount of fruit and vegetable waste was constant during the fourcollection weeks; the total amount of waste collected was 465 kg; orange peel wasthe most abundant waste (75%). The moisture content ranged from 75 to 94% basedon the type of fruit. The CP concentration ranged from 4.33 to 6.95%, except for thepapaya peel, which had a CP content of 11.55%.Limitations/ implications: An alternative to avoid landfilling this type of organicwaste is to subject it to a silage-making process; this would reduce negative 2environmental impacts, generate value-added products, and reduce the pressure onnatural resources.Findings/ conclusions: The amount of fruit and vegetable waste produced everyweek was constant for four weeks. Although their dry matter content is low, thesewastes, mixed with cereal straw and subjected to a silage-making process, can resultin value-added products, and avoid landfilling

Aplicación del protocolo de auditoría Welfare Quality® en bovinos Holstein para engorda bajo condiciones desérticas

The application of the European Welfare Quality® protocol was evaluated in finishing Holstein males in a fattening cattle production company located in the Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico. Twelve pens were randomly selected with 75 steers per pen. In addition, 38 animals per pen were individually evaluated. The evaluation was performed using a format for each of the four principles: feeding, housing, health and behaviour, corresponding to 9 criteria and evaluating 20 measurements, to obtain a global rating. The results for the principles "good health" were 92 points, for housing " 88 points, for "health" 52 points and for " behaviour" 68 points. The overall rating was "good animal welfare". It is concluded that the European protocol WQ® is feasible to be applied in finishing feedlots; however, modifications and adaptations of some measurements are suggested in accordance with the climatic conditions of the area and the temperament of the Holstein cattle.Con el objetivo de evaluar la aplicación del protocolo europeo Welfare Quality® en machos Holstein en finalización, se realizó un estudio en una empresa productora de ganado de engorda ubicada en el valle de Mexicali, Baja California, México. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 12 corrales con 75 machos por corral, además de evaluaciones individuales a 38 animales por corral. Se aplicaron formatos considerando los cuatro principios: alimentación, alojamiento, salud y comportamiento, correspondientes a 9 criterios y evaluando 20 mediciones, para obtener una calificación global. La calificación para los principios “buena salud” obtuvo 92 puntos, el de “buen alojamiento” 88 puntos, el de “buena salud” 52 puntos y el de “comportamiento adecuado” 68 puntos. La calificación global fue de “buen bienestar animal”. Se concluye que el protocolo europeo WQ® es factible de ser aplicable en los corrales de engorda en finalización; sin embargo, se sugieren modificaciones y adecuaciones de algunas mediciones acordes con las condiciones climáticas de la zona y el temperamento del ganado Holstein

Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines

Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice. In other parts of the world, extracts from both regions and local ones are commercialized, as in Mexico. Here, local experts developed a national AIT guideline (GUIMIT 2019) searching for compromises between both schools. Methods: Using ADAPTE methodology for transculturizing guidelines and AGREE-II for evaluating guideline quality, GUIMIT selected 3 high-quality Main Reference Guidelines (MRGs): the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guideines, the S2k guideline of various German-speaking medical societies (2014), and the US Practice Parameters on Allergen Immunotherapy 2011. We formulated clinical questions and based responses on the fused evidence available in the MRGs, combined with local possibilities, patient's preference, and costs. We came across several issues on which the MRGs disagreed. These are presented here along with arguments of GUIMIT members to resolve them. GUIMIT (for a complete English version, see Supplementary data) concluded the following: Results: Related to the diagnosis of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, apart from skin prick testing complementary tests (challenges, in vitro testing and molecular such as species-specific allergens) might be useful in selected cases to inform AIT composition. AIT is indicated in allergic rhinitis and suggested in allergic asthma (once controlled) and IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis. Concerning the correct subcutaneous AIT dose for compounding vials according to the US school: dosing tables and formula are given; up to 4 non-related allergens can be mixed, refraining from mixing high with low protease extracts. When using European extracts: the manufacturer's indications should be followed; in multi-allergic patients 2 simultaneous injections can be given (100% consensus); mixing is discouraged. In Mexico only allergoid tablets are available; based on doses used in all sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) publications referenced in MRGs, GUIMIT suggests a probable effective dose related to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) might be: 50–200% of the monthly SCIT dose given daily, maximum mixing 4 allergens. Also, a table with practical suggestions on non-evidence-existing issues, developed with a simplified Delphi method, is added. Finally, dissemination and implementation of guidelines is briefly discussed, explaining how we used online tools for this in Mexico. Conclusions: Countries where European and American AIT extracts are available should adjust AIT according to which school is followed

Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020

[EN] Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3,4,5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes.S

Resignificando la educación: 12 reflexiones pedagógicas sobre la escuela

208 páginasEste libro reúne 12 artículos de maestros y maestras de la ciudad que reflexionan sobre el rol de la Escuela en la actualidad. Sin duda, la pandemia es un hecho que atraviesa varias de estas páginas, pues esta coyuntura ha hecho que estudiantes, docentes y familias resignifiquen su papel en la educación. Pero este libro no se agota allí, en tanto aparecen iniciativas como las redes de maestros y maestras en torno a la paz, la interculturalidad, así como nuevas miradas sobre la inclusión educativa y la evaluación que aportan al diálogo pedagógico. De esta manera, el Instituto para la Investigación Educativa y el Desarrollo Pedagógico (IDEP) busca que docentes y directivos de las instituciones educativas aporten a la transformación educativa desde sus saberes y experiencias.I. La Escuela en Casa. Página 17: Transitando por la Escuela: realidades y posibilidades. Página 29: Relación Familia- Escuela, Educación Asistida y Ambientes de Aprendizaje en Casa. Página 43: Percepciones de familias sobre su participación en la Escuela. Articulando voces de madres, padres y acudientes de estudiantes en Jardín y Transición. II. Nuevas miradas de la evaluación Página 71: Del pensamiento a la acción: la evaluación en el preescolar. Página 87: La evaluación durante el confinamiento educativo: evidencias investigativas de una crisis en sus prácticas y usos. III. Redes de paz, reconciliación y ciudadanía. Página 103: La Red Elegguá: Abriendo caminos para la tolerancia y la interculturalidad. Página 113: Pedagogías colectivas para la Paz- Tejido de esperanzas de maestras y maestros de la Red Chisua. IV. Inclusión educativa. Página 131: Experiencias de apropiación: Narrativas de maestras desde la inclusión. Página 149: El rol del docente de apoyo frente al reto de una educación inclusiva de calidad para la atención a la población estudiantil con discapacidad. Página 161: La oferta bilingüe-bicultural a nivel distrital, una apuesta en la educación de la persona sorda. V. Estudiantes y maestros en cambio. Página 177: El maestro investigador en el aula y su caracterización pedagógica. Página 195: Los Procesos de Lectura y Escritura Creativa en niños, niñas y adolescentes. Análisis de una experiencia

Evaluación de bienestar de vacas lecheras en sistema de producción a pequeña escala aplicando el protocolo propuesto por Welfare Quality®

La información de bienestar animal (BA) en las unidades de producción (UP) de México es escasa, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de bienestar de vacas lecheras en producción, mediante la aplicación del protocolo europeo Welfare Q uality ® ( WQ ® ) en cuatro municipios del estado de Hidalgo. Se evaluaron 1,187 vacas en producción, secas y vaquillas gestantes, distribuidas en 52 UP, seleccionadas por pertenecer al sistema familiar y participación voluntaria. En los formatos de WQ ® se rec abó la información por encuesta estructurada, medición de recursos y a partir de la observación animal, con ajustes a las condici ones del sistema de producción y respetando el orden y tiempo sugerido por el protocolo. En el análisis de la información se ap licaron los algoritmos de árbol de decisiones, suma ponderada y funciones I -Spline y la integral de Choquet. La clasificación final coloca a todas las UP como aceptables y corroborado en el simulador de WQ ® en línea. La calificación en cada Principio (P) f ue de 39 puntos para P1, 48 para P2, 23 en P3 y P4 con 28 puntos. Aun cuando el protocolo es una herramienta útil para la valoración del bienestar animal en el sistema de producción a pequeña escala del altiplano mexicano, la aplicabilidad no es total, por ello se hace necesario el desarrollo de protocolos propios, validados y probados científicamente que representen más fehacientemente la realidad del bienestar animal en este sistema