85 research outputs found
The Gate-Resonance Model - The interface of policy, media and the public in technology conflicts
The gate/resonance model provides an analytical frame for the description of technology conflicts. It offers an analytical scheme to conceptualise the interaction between public opinion, interest representing organisations, the media and the political system. The model distinguishes structural elements, functional elements and processes. Structural elements are the public with sub-publics and representational fields, the regulatory system with its institutions, intermediary organisations representing interests and bridging the gap between the public(s) and the regulatory system, the regulatory space and the media that mirror and participate in interest conflicts. Functional elements are resources, which enable intermediary organisations to convey interests to regulation, and filters that prevent information overflow within regulatory institutions: the gate as a formal function selects information according to statutory criteria, detectors according to usefulness for the institution. Processes described are the movement of issue fields due to re-interpretation; resonance, the tuning-in on issue interpretation among different actors; mobilisation, the generation of political pressure through resonance; and policy change through the abol-ishment of established interest and actor equilibrium due to mobilisation and ensuing gate failure. The model is applied to the example of biotechnology conflicts.theoretical framework, technology conflict, interest representation, public mobilisation, resources
SicherheitsansprĂŒche an neue Technologien - das Beispiel Nanotechnologie
Neue "strategische" Technologien finden zuweilen wenig Zuspruch bei BĂŒrgerInnen, weil in ihrer Anwendung Risiken gesehen werden, in der Vergangenheit etwa bei der Kernenergie und Teilen der Gentechnik. Manche prophezeien der Nanotechnologie ein Ă€hnliches Schicksal wie der Gentechnik, weil es Hinweise, wenngleich wenig Gewissheit ĂŒber Risiken gibt. Kann und soll man der Nanotechnologie das Schicksal der Agro-Gentechnik ersparen? Die Frage ist nicht nur, wie sicher Technologien sind bzw. was man darĂŒber weiĂ, sondern was man nicht weiĂ, fĂŒr wie (un)sicher sie gehalten und welche Anforderungen an ihre Sicherheit gestellt werden. Weil der Kontext wesentlich ist, wird Sicherheit zum KĂŒrzel fĂŒr andere akzeptanzrelevante Aspekte, nicht zuletzt fĂŒr die mit Technologieentwicklung verbundenen Ziele. FĂŒhrt das aus WettbewerbsgrĂŒnden unweigerlich zu einer Anpassung an die Zielvorstellungen der Technologie-Leader, allen voran der USA? Das Beispiel "Converging Technologies" zeigt, dass eine derartige Ăbernahme nicht zwangslĂ€ufig erfolgen muss. Vielmehr lehrt die Erfahrung mit der Gentechnik, dass gerade die VernachlĂ€ssigung der gesellschaftlichen Einbettung zu den nun beklagten Ergebnissen fĂŒhrte. Daher sollte der Einbettung neuer "strategischer" Technologien gröĂere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden.Technische Risiken, Unsicherheit, gesellschaftliche Einbettung, Nanotechnologie, converging technologies
The hidden fourth dimension: Normative reflexion as an extension for the theory of technology assessment
A decade ago, Armin Grunwald identified three elements as essential for a future theory of technology assessment (TA): assessing impacts, complying with scientific standards, and providing policy advice. However, the institutional contexts and tasks of todayâs TA have diversified. Five on-going projects were assessed with regard to the three elements proposed. They appeared in some form in every project but followed diverging interpretations, which raises doubt whether they suffice to constitute a theory of TA. Here I argue for a fourth dimension to be added, namely the discussion of normative aspects.Vor einem Jahrzehnt identifizierte Armin Grunwald Folgenorientierung, Wissenschaftlichkeit und Beratungsbezug als Elemente einer zukĂŒnftigen Theorie der TechnikfolgenabschĂ€tzung (TA). Angesichts der vielfĂ€ltigen Herausforderungen, der starken Ausdifferenzierung und der unterschiedlichen Aufgaben, stellt sich die Frage nach deren Relevanz fĂŒr heutige TA. Eine Analyse von fĂŒnf exemplarischen Projekten zeigt sehr unterschiedliche Interpretationen dieser Dimensionen. Damit ergeben sich Zweifel, ob TA auf diese Weise hinreichend beschrieben werden kann. Um eine Theorie der TA zu konstituieren, so wird argumentiert, sollte als viertes Element die Auseinandersetzung mit normativen Aspekten treten
Normativity in technology assessment: Introduction to the special topic
NeutralitĂ€t galt lange als unhinterfragte Grundlage im SelbstverstĂ€ndnis von TechnikfolgenabschĂ€tzung (TA). Dieser Fokus verstellte allerdings den Blick darauf, dass normative Aspekte nicht auĂer Acht gelassen werden dĂŒrfen â sei es in den Ergebnissen von TA-Analysen oder in normativen Setzungen, die im TA-Prozess auftreten. Im TATuP-Thema dieses Heftes wird âNormativitĂ€t in der TAâ auf drei Ebenen adressiert: in der Funktion von TA als Politikberatung, im Kontext des TA-Forschungsprozesses und in der Auseinandersetzung um ihren ânormativen Kernâ. Angesichts manch autoritĂ€rer Tendenzen auch in westlichen Demokratien ist die Debatte um die Rolle von NormativitĂ€t in der TA heute besonders aktuell.Neutrality has long been considered a key prerequisite of technology assessment (TA). The need to stay neutral often obscured the importance of normative aspects of TA â be it in the findings or in normative settings in the TA process. The special topic addresses normativity in TA at three levels: (1) regarding TAâs role as policy advisor, (2) in the context of the research process, and (3) with respect to its ânormative coreâ. The problem of normativity in TA gains significance in the light of recent authoritarian tendencies also in Western democracies
Precaution, Responsible Innovation and Beyond â In Search of a Sustainable Agricultural Biotechnology Policy
The recent ruling by the European Court of Justice on gene edited plants highlighted regulatory inadequacy as well as a decades-old political problem, namely how to reconcile diverging expectations regarding agricultural biotechnology in Europe. Over time, regulators had tried out various tools to address concerns and overcome implementation obstacles. While initially focussing on risk (with the Precautionary Principle), they later tried to better embed technology in society (e.g., through Responsible Research and Innovation). The PP got criticized early-on; meanwhile, it seems to have lost much of its salience. Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is associated with problems of participation and political impact, often rendering it a public awareness tool only. We discuss problems with both approaches and conclude that also RRI falls short of facilitating technology implementation in the way regulators might have had in mind. Rather than leaving political decisions to technical risk assessment or ethics and public awareness, we argue for re-establishing a broad yet sober process of opinion formation and informed decision-making in agricultural policy
SYNBIOSAFE e-conference: online community discussion on the societal aspects of synthetic biology
As part of the SYNBIOSAFE project, we carried out an open electronic conference (e-conference), with the aim to stimulate an open debate on the societal issues of synthetic biology in a proactive way. The e-conference attracted 124 registered participants from 23 different countries and different professional backgrounds, who wrote 182 contributions in six different categories: (I) Ethics; (II) Safety; (III) Security; (IV) IPR; (V) Governance and regulation; (VI) and Public perception. In this paper we discuss the main arguments brought up during the e-conference and provide our conclusions about how the community thinks, and thinks differently on the societal impact of synthetic biology. Finally we conclude that there is a chance for an open discourse on the societal issues of synthetic biology happening, and that the rules to govern such a discourse might be set up much easier and be respected more readily than many would suggest
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