The crime of sexual intercourse with a minor

Cinsel dokunulmazlığa karşı suçlar, medeniyetin başlangıcından bu yana toplumlarda cezalandırılmıştır. Cinsel davranışların hukuka aykırı olarak uygulanması bazı toplumlarda daha olağan karşılanırken bazı toplumlarda olağanüstü tepkiler almıştır. Cezalandırmanın nedenleri zamanla ve toplum yapısına göre değişse de cinsel davranışlara ilişkin hassasiyet hep var olmuştur. Reşit olmayanla cinsel ilişki, Türk ceza hukuku sisteminde öteden beri suç sayılmıştır. Türk toplumunun cinsel dokunulmazlığa karşı suçlara bakışı, ilk Türk devletlerinden bu yana pek farklılaşmamıştır. Bu tarz davranışlar, ağır müeyyidelerle cezalandırılmıştır. Özellikle mağdurun kadın olduğu suçlarda, kadının toplumdaki üstün yeri gözetilerek daha hassas davranılmıştır. Günümüz Türk hukuk sisteminde reşit olmayanla cinsel ilişki suçu, 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu'nda düzenlenmiştir. Bu düzenleme ele alınırken öncelikle çocuk kavramı, ardından cinsellik kavramı ve en nihayetinde kanuni düzenlemenin teorik ve pratik yanları incelenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Reşit olmayan, istismar, rıza, cinsel davranış, çocuk.Offenses against sexual immunity have been punished in societies since the dawn of civilization. While the illegal practice of sexual behavior is considered more normal in some societies, it has received extraordinary reactions in some societies. Although the reasons for punishment have changed over time and according to the structure of society, there has always been sensitivity to sexual behavior. Sex with a minor has long been a crime in the Turkish criminal law system. The perspective of Turkish society on crimes against sexual immunity has not changed much since the first Turkish states. This kind of behavior was punished with severe sanctions. Particularly in crimes where the victim is a woman, a more sensitive approach has been taken by considering the superior position of women in society. In today's Turkish legal system, the crime of sexual intercourse with a minor is regulated in the Turkish Penal Code No. 5237. While discussing this regulation, firstly the concept of child, then the concept of sexuality and finally the theoretical and practical aspects of the legal regulation are examined. Key Words: Minor, exploitation, consent, sexual behavior, child

Development of the External Debt And in Turkey after 1980 Economic Effects

Günümüzde, Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerin Gelişmiş Ülkelerin Gelişmiş Ülkelerden Borçlanması, esas olarak kalkınmış ülkeler seviyesine ulaşabilmek için gerekli yatırımlarını finanse edecek yabancı sermayeye muhtaç olmalarından ileri gelmektedir. Dış borçlanmanın temelinde genellikle, yurtiçi tasarrufların yeterli düzeyde olmamasıdır. Bu durum az gelişmiş ülkelerde süreklilik gösteren bir problemdir. Ödemeler dengesi açıklarını kapatma veya büyüme ve istihdam gibi amaçlara ulaşmak için alınan dış krediler amacına uygun kullanıldığı takdirde olumlu etki yaratmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, ülkemizde 1980’lerden sonra gerek tasarruf açığı gerekse dış ticaret açığı nedeniyle dış kaynaklara başvurulmak zorunda kalınmıştır. Bu çalışma üç bölümden oluşmuştur. Birinci bölüm : Bir bütün olarak Dış borcun tanımı kavramları üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölüm: Türkiye’de dış borçların nedenleri ve tarihsel gelişimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Genel çerçevede olmak kaydıyla Ekonominin Genel Dengesi Ve Ödemeler Dengesi Üzerine Etkileri Makro Açıdan Radyolarla Analiz edilmiştir. Üçüncü bölüm; Dış borçların Türkiye ekonomisine etkileri makro açıdan analiz edilmiştir.İn general, borrowing of less developed countries from the developed ones comes from their need of foneing copital to finance thenecessory investment ın order to reach the level of the developed countries. The main reason for the external indebttedness ıs the lack of edequate level of internal savings. This ıs a permonent problem of less developed countries. Fo reing eredits enacted to coverthe balonce of payments deficits or to ensure full employment and economic growht ıf used properly, will have positive effects. In this context foreing dept has an impact on general equilibrium ofeconomy and bolonce of poyments. İn our countruy, the need has arised far fareing borrowing post 1980’s to finanse both the saving gop and trade deficit. The study consists of three parts. İn the first section; as a whole ofter thedescription of external depts and its.Related concepts are given, in the second part, Turkish reasons and historical development of external debts were studied ina general frome work, analized the impact of external debt with vorious ration on general equilibrium of economy. The third port analized the impoct of external debt with warious rations on general ef economy in the Turkey

Development of the External Debt And in Turkey after 1980 Economic Effects

Günümüzde, Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerin Gelişmiş Ülkelerin Gelişmiş Ülkelerden Borçlanması, esas olarak kalkınmış ülkeler seviyesine ulaşabilmek için gerekli yatırımlarını finanse edecek yabancı sermayeye muhtaç olmalarından ileri gelmektedir. Dış borçlanmanın temelinde genellikle, yurtiçi tasarrufların yeterli düzeyde olmamasıdır. Bu durum az gelişmiş ülkelerde süreklilik gösteren bir problemdir. Ödemeler dengesi açıklarını kapatma veya büyüme ve istihdam gibi amaçlara ulaşmak için alınan dış krediler amacına uygun kullanıldığı takdirde olumlu etki yaratmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, ülkemizde 1980’lerden sonra gerek tasarruf açığı gerekse dış ticaret açığı nedeniyle dış kaynaklara başvurulmak zorunda kalınmıştır. Bu çalışma üç bölümden oluşmuştur. Birinci bölüm : Bir bütün olarak Dış borcun tanımı kavramları üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölüm: Türkiye’de dış borçların nedenleri ve tarihsel gelişimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Genel çerçevede olmak kaydıyla Ekonominin Genel Dengesi Ve Ödemeler Dengesi Üzerine Etkileri Makro Açıdan Radyolarla Analiz edilmiştir. Üçüncü bölüm; Dış borçların Türkiye ekonomisine etkileri makro açıdan analiz edilmiştir.İn general, borrowing of less developed countries from the developed ones comes from their need of foneing copital to finance thenecessory investment ın order to reach the level of the developed countries. The main reason for the external indebttedness ıs the lack of edequate level of internal savings. This ıs a permonent problem of less developed countries. Fo reing eredits enacted to coverthe balonce of payments deficits or to ensure full employment and economic growht ıf used properly, will have positive effects. In this context foreing dept has an impact on general equilibrium ofeconomy and bolonce of poyments. İn our countruy, the need has arised far fareing borrowing post 1980’s to finanse both the saving gop and trade deficit. The study consists of three parts. İn the first section; as a whole ofter thedescription of external depts and its.Related concepts are given, in the second part, Turkish reasons and historical development of external debts were studied ina general frome work, analized the impact of external debt with vorious ration on general equilibrium of economy. The third port analized the impoct of external debt with warious rations on general ef economy in the Turkey

Expanded vermiculite-filled flexible polymer composites

This study focuses on the fabrication and characterization of vermiculite-filled flexible polymer composites. Exfoliated vermiculite was incorporated into triblock thermoplastic elastomer copolymer, styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene (SEBS), at various levels from 1 to 15 wt% by a high shear mixer. The composite films were obtained by the combination of solvent casting and compression molding. The morphological, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties and contact angle of the composites were determined. Some micro-morphological differences were observed between the samples and the difference was assumed to be caused by high shear mixing and filler concentration. High shear mixing was found effective in terms of the detachment of vermiculite layers at all concentrations. However, at low filler loading, that behavior was more obvious. At 1 wt% filler concentration, mechanical properties increased that was probably caused by good filler-matrix interaction stemmed from smaller particle size. At higher vermiculite concentrations, fillers found to show agglomerations that led to a decrease in mechanical strength and strain at break. Elastic and secant modulus showed an increasing trend. Contact angle measurements were carried out to determine the oleophilic character of the samples. An increase in the vermiculite content resulted in higher oleophilic character and the lowest contact angle was obtained at 15 wt% VMT loading. In addition to these, thermal stability, thermal dimensional stability and flame retardancy were improved by the incorporation of VMT. 15 wt% vermiculite-filled sample showed the best performance in terms of thermal stability and flame retardancy

THE INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPLIANCE OF THE TENTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN, THE 2018 ANNUAL PROGRAM AND THE STRATEGIC PLAN OF THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION (2015–2019) IN TERMS OF THE FIELD OF EDUCATION [EĞİTİM ALANI AÇISINDAN 10. KALKINMA PLANI, 2018 YILI PROGRAMI VE MEB STRATEJİK PLANININ UYUMLULUĞUNUN İNCELENMESı]

2-s2.0-85104248604The aim of this study is to investigate the compliance of the 10th Development Plan, the 2018 Annual Program and the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of National Education (2015–2019) in terms of the field of education and to determine the similarities and differences between them. The Development Plan, 2018 Annual Program and the Ministry of National Education Strategic Plan (2015–2019) were based as data sources. The research was carried out by document review method which is one of the qualitative research designs. Content analysis technique was used to analyze the data. Accordingly each document was examined according to the themes of “Access to education, Holistic development process (Qualified individual, Qualified workforce and Qualified teacher), Infrastructure (Physical and Technological infrastructure), Teaching process (Curriculum and tools), Guidance services, Institutional structure”. According to the results of the research, it has been determined that the policies, measures and strategies included in the Tenth Development Plan, 2018 Annual Program and the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of National Education (2015–2019) are the most compatible in terms of “Access to education” and “Institutional structure” themes. On the other hand, it has been stated that the policies, measures and strategies included in these plans are not in compliance with “Infrastructure”, “Teaching process” and “Guidance services”. In this direction, it is recommended to establish a commission for monitoring and evaluation by the Ministry of Development in order to create plans and programs that are more consistent with each other and prepare a ground for practices. © 2019. All Rights Reserved

Box-Behnken method for enhanced performance of solvent-based epoxy coatings reinforcement with diatomite/surfactant/zinc borate

This study is aimed to improve the properties of the organic coatings by adding additives of various properties to industrial organic coatings with epoxy resin and to obtain organic coatings with superior properties. Boron end-product, methacrylate-based fluorinated liquid and diatomite additives have been added to the epoxy resin-containing organic coatings in the specified proportions (0-6% (w/w)). The Box-Behnken optimization method has been applied on the metal surface. The surfaces where the organic coatings are applied are subjected to various tests (adhesion, corrosion etc.) in accordance with the standards. According to the test results, coatings are resistant to impact, corrosion, high adhesion resistance, gloss and covering values. In addition, as a result of Thermogravimetry/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), flame retardancy is improved, more homogeneous structures are obtained by adding additives with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, hydrophobic property is improved according to the contact angle and surface free energy measurement results. Consequently, it has been observed that additives added to the organic coatings in various proportions improve the organic coating in terms of flame retardancy, surface properties and hydrophobicity. It is envisaged that the organic coatings with new properties can be preferred in different industries

Encapsulation of olive leaf antioxidants in microbeads: Application of alginate and chitosan as wall materials

Edible microcapsule technology has been declared as a newly developed technology in 21st century by some certain authorities in order to preserve food products. Encapsulation of the bioactive materials in edible coatings is a blessing that can eliminate many undesirable situations that might arise when it is used as additive. In this study, olive leaf extract has been evaluated as active material to prepare microcapsules by using alginate as coating. Ionic gelation was used to produce microbeads. The experimental design of the encapsulation system, the effects of the process parameters, the modeling of the experimental data and the optimization of the conditions were carried out with Box-Behnken design of response surface method (Box-Behnken-RSM). BoxBehnken-RSM produced 17 experimental runs. Calcium chloride (2-15%, w/v) and sodium alginate concentrations (1-2%, w/v), and hardening time (15-45 min) were selected as independent variables, while encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the capsules in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and oleuropein concentration were responses. Impact of chitosan as coating layer was also investigated with three different ratios of chitosan (0.4%, 0.7%, 1% w/v). Accelerated oxidation test was employed to measure the stability of the microcapsules against oxidation by means of Rancimat method. Encapsulation of the olive leaf extract in alginate microbeads was satisfying with > 70% and > 90% efficiencies with respect to TPC and oleuropein under optimum conditions (2.34% calcium chloride concentration and 2% sodium alginate for 26 min of hardening time)

Highly clean recovery of natural antioxidants from lemon peels: Lactic acid-based automatic solvent extraction

Introduction Food industry generates large amounts of waste by-products rich in natural antioxidants. On the other hand, application of advanced processes for the recovery of these fine chemicals is another popular topic of recent years. Objective The purpose of this study is to propose a green extraction method by application of deep eutectic solvent-based automated solvent extraction (AMSE) from lemon peels. Methods The primary polyphenols (hesperidin, naringin, and p-coumaric acid) and the total polyphenols of the lemon peel extract were quantified and used as response for the optimisation of the AMSE conditions. The Box-Behnken design type of the response surface method (RSM) was chosen for optimisation study. Scavenging activity of the lemon peel extract against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical was also measured in vitro. Results The optimum conditions for the highest total phenolic (7.47 mg-gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g-lemon peel [LP]), naringin (5.05 mg/g-LP), p-coumaric acid (3.27 mg/g-LP), and hesperidin (0.07 mg/g-LP) yields were obtained by 1.5 h of extraction time, 46% water (v/v), and 5 g of peel. The antioxidant activity changed between 37.31% and 94.10% in the peels. Conclusions Extraction time was the most effective process factor for the total phenolic and p-coumaric acid yields, while water addition was statistically very important (p 0.99), statistically significant p-values ( 0.05)