Optimal Propagation and Rooting Mediums in Rubus spp. by in Vitro Micropropagation

Rubus spp. is a shrub-form plant known for its fruits called blackberries. Blackberries are plants with high commercial value, delicious taste, nice aroma, and high nutritional value. Turkey has wealthy genetic origins of Rubus species. Conventionally, the trading propagation of Rubus plants is done as vegetatively, utilizing truncation, rooting, or stratuming. However, these traditional methods are time-consuming and inefficient in virus-free plant production. Cloning of plant grown in the tissue culture also enables to obtain virus-free plants and to provide fast replicating high standard plants. Rubus obtained by micropropagation is used for the formation of commercial fruit plantations as well as source plant formation. In this work, the aim is the development of in vitro micropropagation process of the wild Rubus in the Trakya Region. Proliferation from axillary buds was made by adding BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine), NAA (Naphthalinacetic acid) and GA3 (Gibberellic acid) in various combinations and concentrations to the MS medium. Rooting was successfully realized with 83.3%25 rooted plants in 1 IBA medium. No roots were seen in 0 MS. The survival rate of plants transferred to ex vitro conditions was 100%25

Reference gene selection for RT-qPCR normalization of strawberry at various organs, different growing stages of fruits, and salt-stress treatment

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is a favorite fruit of high economic value due to its good taste and high nutrition ingredients. Strawberry is a fruit grown around the world that has distinct genetic structures and indicates diverse levels of precision to different environmental circumstances. Plants respond differently to diverse physiological processes, organizing of biological events, control of hormones, different individuals of the same species, and internal and external factors in developmental stages. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become a very useful tool for the determination of plant genetic and physiological changes in gene expression. To obtain more securable gene expression outcomes, RT-qPCR data should be standardized with a control gene that shows homogeneous expression at diverse stages of growth in plants, in different organs, or under various environmental circumstances. We evaluated the gene expression of 8 reference genes, including StRefHISTH4, StRefGAPDH, StRefDBP, StRefActin1, UBQ, aTUB, 18SrRNA, and EF1a in different sets of 2 cultivars, four different organs, various fruit growing stages, and development period samples treated with salt. The genes expressions are greatly dissimilar in various organ samples examined. The expressions of StRefHISH4 and StRefActin 1 were very steady in all the different organs, fruits at various growth stages, and samples treated with salt analyzed. Furthermore, StRefHISH4 and StRefActin 1 showed the steadiest expression in plants cultivated under different development states. The expression of these reference (housekeeping) genes can be utilized for the standardization of real-time PCR outcomes for gene expression examination in many types of samples in strawberries

In vitro salinity stress mediates grass pea genotypes' (Lathyrus sativus L.) responses

This study was carried out to determine the tolerance of grass pea genotypes to salinity stress at callus and seedling stages under in vitro conditions. The calli and seedlings of six selected tolerant genotypes based on the primary screening in the field were separately exposed to salinity treatments (0, 125 mM) in vitro. Salinity was imposed with NaCl during in vitro culture, and it significantly affected all seedling traits. Genotype of Iran had the lowest seedling dry weight and therefore was more sensitive to salinity stress. According to salinity tolerance indices for seedlings, genotype Greece-III was characterized as high-yield and relatively high-salt-tolerant genotype. Salinity significantly affected callus size, callus RWC, callus RGR, and callogenesis index. Calli fresh and dry weights were not affected by the treatments. For callus dry weight, genotype Greece-III had the highest mean; and the lowest mean belonged to Greece-I. The stress tolerance indices showed that the highest values belonged to genotype Greece-III, which showed high yield and yield stability and so reasonable salinity tolerance. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into two separate groups. The first cluster consisted of Iran, Greece-II, and Greece-III genotypes, and the second cluster consisted of Bangladesh, Canada, and Greece-I genotypes. Cluster analysis potentially separated the tolerant and sensitive genotypes to salinity in terms of callus dry weight. Grass pea callus and seedlings were able to survive at 125 mM salinity. Salinity did not affect callus dry and fresh weights, but its effect was remarkable on seedling dry and fresh weights (55% less than control). Therefore, calli were reasonably salinity tolerant. The present study suggests that grass pea was reasonably tolerant to salinity and can survive under salinity conditions during the seedling and callus stages.University of MaraghehThis study was funded by and carried out in the University of Maragheh. These results were from MSc thesis of Mrs. Zahra Khosravi

Fatty acids composition in Pistachio

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), is an important food source for human health. It has nutritional content rich in protein, fat, fatty acids, fiber, vitamins and minerals. Such as other nuts, pistachio oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Pistachio is rich in omega fatty acids such as n-3, n-6, n-9, it is known to be beneficial in decreasing cholesterol by increasing HDL level in blood plasma. Oleic acid (C18: 1) and palmitoleic acid are the main component of unsaturated fatty acids in pistachio. It has fatty acids such as linoleic acid and alpha linoleic acid among polyunsaturated fatty acids and myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid among saturated fatty acids. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) is generally used for the analysis of fatty acids in foods. The main component of unsaturated fatty acids contained in pistachio is oleic acid (C18: 1) and the variety varies between 51.6% and 81.17% according to the origin. Linoleic acid (C18:2) content, which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid, varies between 15% and 30%. Stearic acid content of saturated fatty acids varies between 0.8% and 3.5%. This review provides information about the properties and curent status of the fatty acids in pistachios

Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)

Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae) is encountered in different regions of Bulgaria as a wild growing or ornamental plant. The objective of this work was to characterize the phytochemical composition (macro and micro components) of the leaves and stems of two local phenotypes (PA-SB and PA-NB), with the view of revealing their use potential. The dry leaves contained (DW) protein (16.25 and 19.27%), cellulose (25.16 and 25.31%), and ash (18.28 and 16.16%) and the stems contained protein (6.83 and 7.35%), cellulose (39.34 and 38.25%), and ash (15.01 and 7.48%) for PA-SB and PA-NB, respectively. The dominant amino acids (by HPLC) in the leaves of both phenotypes were arginine (21.3-22.3 mg/g) and aspartic acid (8.8-18.4 mg/g), and those in the stems were proline and aspartic acid for PA-SB (8.8, 7.7 mg/g); isoleucine and tyrosine for PA-NB (12.8, 6.6 mg/g). Mineral elements, determined by AAS (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cr), also varied between phenotypes and plant parts. The leaves alone were further processed by extraction with n-hexane, for the identification of leaf volatiles (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The analysis identified 28 components (97.99%) in the leaf extract of PA-SB and 32 components (97.50%) in that of PA-NB. The volatile profile of PA-SB leaves was dominated by diterpenes (49.96%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (35.61%), while that of PA-NB was dominated by oxygenated aliphatics (40.01%) and diterpenes (35.19%). To the best of our knowledge, the study provides the first data about the phytochemical composition of the leaves and stems of P. alkekengi from Bulgaria, in a direct comparison of phenotypes from two distinct wild populations, which could be of further scientific interest.AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; [2021-29]The authors deeply acknowledge the Researchers Supporting Program (TUMA Project-2021-29), AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for supporting steps of this work

A research on the detection of some phytochemical properties in the fruits of passiflora species

Passiflora belongs to the Passifloraceae family and is native to South Africa. Thanks to its health benefits, it is now commonly grown in tropical and subtropical regions. This fruit gathers attention, especially for its rich nutritional content, aroma, and taste. Passiflora has gained popularity in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, particularly in recent years. It stands out for its ease of maintenance, yielding twice a year, and high economic returns. Additionally, passiflora is used as an ornamental plant in landscaping arrangements by means of its showy flowers and is often referred to as the “passionflower” or “clock flower”. In this study, the fruits of P. edulis and P. caerulea species were examined for their phytochemical properties, such as DPPH, total phenol, sugar, and organic acid. DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐ picryl‐hydrazyl‐hydrate) and total phenol were analyzed using a spectrophotometric method, while sugar and organic acid were analyzed using HPLC

Determination and expression of miRNAs during development of female and male organs in the infloresecence buds of pistachio.

TEZ12083Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019.Kaynakça (s. 115-136) var.XVII, 137 s. :_res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ;_29 cm.Çiçek açan bitkilerin büyük çoğunluğu hermafrodit çiçeklere sahip iken çok az bir kısmı ayrı ayrı erkek ve dişi bitkilere sahip olan dioik türleri içerir. Antepfıstığı (Pistacia vera L.) dioik bir türdür ve rüzgârla tozlanır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, antepfıstığı dişi ve erkek çiçek tomurcukları içerisindeki cinsiyet organlarının büyüme ve gelişmelerini taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile izlemek ve cinsiyet organlarının gelişmesinde etkili olan miRNA’ları ve bunların hedeflediği genleri küçük RNA (sRNA) sekanslaması ile belirlemektir. SEM analizleri ve sRNA sekanslaması için ilkbaharda çiçek tomurcuklarının gelişmeye başlamasından itibaren bir sonraki yıl çiçek açıncaya kadar haftalık olarak örnekler alınmıştır. SEM analizleri sonucunda hem dişi hem de erkek çiçek tomurcuklarının gelişimlerinin ilk aşamalarında her iki cinsiyete ait organların oluştuğu ancak haziran ayı sonundan itibaren karşı cinsiyet organ gelişminin durduğu belirlenmiştir. İlkbaharda tomurcuk gelişiminin ilk aşamalarını kapsayan 10 dönemde ve çiçeklenme öncesi 3 dönemde alınan örneklerde sRNA sekanslaması yapılmıştır. Sekanslama soucunda dişi çiçek tomurcuklarından 159 ile 181 arasında bilinen ve 289 ile 360 arasında değişen sayılarda yeni mikroRNA (miRNA) belirlenmiştir. Erkek çiçek tomurcuklarında ise 134 ile 174 arası bilinen ve 224 ile 335 arasında değişen sayılarda yeni miRNA belirlenmiştir. Dişi ve erkek örnekler arasında 18 tanesi dişilerde ve 7 tanesi ise erkeklerde yüksek seviyede farklı ekspirese olan toplamda 25 adet miRNA belirlenmiş ve bunlar qRT-PCR ile valide edilmiştir. Farklı ekspirese olan miRNA’lardan 11 tanesinin Siirt çeşidi genomunda 78 adet ve Bağyolu genomunda 157 adet geni hedeflediği tespit edilmiştir. Hedeflenen genlerin bir kısmının farklı bitki türlerinde çiçek organlarının gelişmesinden sorumlu genler olduğu belirlenmiştir.The great majority of flowering plants are hermaphrodites, while only a few of them contain dioecious species having separate male and female plants. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is a dioecious species and wind is pollinating agent. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the growth of sex organs in female and male inflorescence buds of pistachios by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and to identify differentially expressed sex related miRNAs and their targeted genes during the bud development by small RNA (sRNA) sequencing. For SEM analyzes and sRNA sequencing, the buds were sampled weekly from the beginning of the development of flower buds in spring to until the next year before flowering. As a result of the SEM analysis, it was determined that both sexes were formed in the first stages of the development of both male and female inflorescence buds in the spring, while the opposite sex organ development was stopped after at the end of June. sRNA sequencing was performed in the samples collected in 10 periods covering the first stages of bud development in the spring and three periods before flowering. As a result of sRNA sequencing, known miRNAs changed from 159 to 181 and novel miRNAs were between 289 and 360 in female samples, while known miRNAs ranged from 134 to 174 and novel miRNAs were between 224 and 335 in male samples. A total of 25 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between female and male samples: 18 of them were highly expressed in females while seven of them were highly expressed in males, and were validated by qRT-PCR. Eleven of differentially expressed miRNAs targeted 78 genes in female Siirt genome and 157 genes in male Bağyolu genome. It was determined that some of the targeted genes are responsible for the development of flower organs in different plant species

Development of microsatellite (SSR) markers in walnut (J.regia L.).

TEZ9632Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2013.Kaynakça (s. 43-47) var.xi, 49 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm.Bu çalışmada daha önceki bir çalışmada J. nigra DNA’sı kullanılarak oluşturulan ve ‘GA’ ile ‘AC’ tekrar dizileri ile zenginleştirilen genomik kütüphanelerden dizayn edilen SSR primer çiftlerinin J. regia’da amplifikasyon ve polimorfizm bakımından test edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam olarak ‘GA’ ile zenginleştirilmiş kütüphanaden 99 adet SSR primer çifti test edilirken, ‘AC’ ile zenginleştirilmiş kütüphaneden ise 241 primer çifti test edilmiştir. ‘GA’ ile zenginleştirilmiş kütüphaneden geliştirilen SSR primer çiftlerinden 47 (%47.5) tanesi bant üretmiş ve 19 tanesi (%19.2) polimorfizm gösterirken, ‘AC’ ile zenginleştirilmiş genomik kütüphaneden geliştirilen SSR primer çiftlerinden 44 tanesi (%18.3) gradient PCR sonucu bant vermiş ve bunlardan 13 tanesi (%5.4) polimorfik bulunmuştur. ‘GA’ kütüphanesindeki 19 polimorfik SSR primerden 90 adet allel elde edilmiş ve bunların 66 tanesi (%73.4) polimorfizm gösterirken, ‘AC’ kütüphanesindeki 13 adet polimorfik SSR primer çifti 81 adet allel üretmiş ve bunlardan 32 tanesi (%39.5) polimorfizm göstermiştir. Özetle bu çalışmada 32 adet (%9.41) polimorfik SSR primer çifti geliştirilmiş ve bu primerlerin 20 ceviz çeşi/genotipinde analizinden 98 adet polimorfik allel elde edilmiştir. Bu polimorfik SSR primerleri açılım gösteren bir populasyonda da (‘Maraş-12’ X ‘Kaplan-86’) test edilmiş ve 13 tanesinin kodominant açılım gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada geliştirilen SSR primer çiftleri bundan sonra cevizde yapılacak genetik karakterizasyon, populasyon genetiği, genetik haritalama, çeşitlerin tanımlanması ve genetik kaynakların karakterizasyonu gibi genetik çalışmalarda kullanılabilir.In this study, it was aimed to analyze SSR primer pairs based on their amplification and polymorphism in J. regia, which were designed from J.nigra genomic libraries enriched with ‘GA’ and ‘AC’ repeats in a previous study. Totally, 99 SSR primer pairs were tested in ‘GA’ enriched libarary, whereas 241 SSR primer pairs were tested in ‘AC’ enriched library. Forty-seven (%47.5) SSR primer pairs gave amplification product and 19 of them showed polymorphism in ‘GA’ enriched library, whereas 44 (%18.3) SSR primer pairs had products after gradient PCR and 13 of them (%5.4) had polymorphism. Totally, 90 alleles were obtained from 19 polymorphic SSR primers in ‘GA’ library and 66 of them were polymorphic, whereas 81 alleles were amplified from 13 SSR primer pairs in ‘AC’ library and 32 of them (%39.5) showed polymorphism. In a summary, 32 (%9.41) polymorphic SSR primer pairs were developed in this study and they produced 98 polymorphic alleles in 20 walnut cultivars/genotypes. These polymorphic SSR primers were also tested in a segregating population (Maras-12 X Kaplan-86) and 13 of them showed codominant segregation. In conclusion, these polymorphic SSR primer pairs can be used in the future genetic studies in walnut such as genetic characterization, population genetic, genetic mapping, cultivar identification and germplasm chracterization.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2012YL6

IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC STABILITY OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS DERIVED BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES

Çileğin doku kültürü yöntemleri kullanılarak çoğaltılması son yıllarda önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Özellikle fide üretimi amaçlı in vitro koşullarda üretilen bitkilerin ismine doğruluğu büyük önem arz etmektedir. Moleküler markör yöntemleri kullanılarak laboratuvarda üretilen bitkilerin ismine doğrulukları teşhis edilebilmektedir. Bu araştırmada, ülkemizde ve Yaltır A.Ş.'de yetiştiriciliği yoğun olarak yapılan çilek çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Doku kültürü laboratuvarında üretimi yapılan bitkiler dış ortama adapte edildikten sonra SSR moleküler markör tekniği kullanılarak ismine doğrulukları belirlenmiştirIDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC STABILITY OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS DERIVED BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES Propagation of strawberries using tissue culture techniques has been increased significantly in recent years. The production of truth the name of the strawberry plants by in vitro technique has a great importance for nurseries. Truth the name strawberry plants can be identified using molecular marker methods in the laboratory. In this study, the major cultivars which are grown in our country and Yaltır private company were used as plant sources. The strawberry plants were propagated using tissue culture technique and their truth the name characteristics were detected after transplanted in vivo conditions using SSR molecular markers technique

First microsatellite markers for Scaligeria lazica Boiss. (Apiaceae) by next-generation sequencing: population structure and genetic diversity analysis

The Apiaceae family includes a few agronomic and medicinal species, one of which is Scaligeria lazica Boiss. In this study, the genetic diversity of S. lazica was analyzed based on novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers using next-generation sequencing (NGS). A total of 15.17G clean Illumina data set was obtained and dinucleotide repeats were the most abundant repeats in S. lazica. Of the tested 150 SSR primer pairs, 139 ones produced amplification and 84 ones were polymorphic. Forty polymorphic SSR loci were used in genetic diversity analysis of 40 S. lazica accessions from four locations. A total of 264 alleles were amplified with an average of 6.6 alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.60, while the observed homozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) values were 0.47 and 0.66, respectively. According to cluster and structure analysis, all accessions were grouped into four different clusters according to their collection sites. The SSR markers developed in this study can be tested for other Scaligeria species due to their high transferability and can be used for genetic studies in genus Scaligeria DC