Application of virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality in endourology and urolithiasis: An update by YAU endourology and Urolithiasis Working Group

The integration of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) in urological practices and medical education has led to modern training systems that are cost-effective and with an increased expectation toward surgical performance and outcomes. VR aids the user in interacting with the virtual environment realistically by providing a three-dimensional (3D) view of the structures inside the body with high-level precision. AR enhances the real environment around users by integrating experience with virtual information over physical models and objects, which in turn has improved understanding of physiological mechanisms and anatomical structures. MR is an immersive technology that provides virtual content to interact with real elements. The field of urolithiasis has adapted the technological advancements, newer instruments, and methods to perform endourologic treatment procedures. This mini-review discusses the applications of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed Reality in endourology and urolithiasis.publishedVersio

Stone formation on a surgical tack migrated to the bladder 7 years after laparoscopic incontinence surgery

A 53-year-old woman admitted to our outpatient urology clinic with complaints of dysuria, urgency and recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). She had undergone an unknown laparoscopic incontinence surgery seven years ago that we considered being burch colposuspension. She had recurrent UTI for more than one year. Plain radiography showed multiple radiopaque helical materials and semi-opacity in bony pelvis. Cystoscopic evaluation revealed a 3 cm stone fixed at the dome of the urinary bladder. Stone was fragmented endoscopically using pneumonic lithotripter. After fragmentation of the stone, three tacks became apparent. The adhered tack was removed with the aid of grasping forceps by a rotation maneuver. It was not possible to remove the embedded tacks and the operation was ended. One month later, the patient underwent cystoscopy. The bladder mucosa was exactly intact and no tack was visible