2002 Ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage: role of acoustic boundary conditions at the pleural surface

In a previous study ͓J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 1290 ͑2000͔͒ the acoustic impedance difference between intercostal tissue and lung was evaluated as a possible explanation for the enhanced lung damage with increased hydrostatic pressure, but the hydrostatic-pressure-dependent impedance difference alone could not explain the enhanced occurrence of hemorrhage. In that study, it was hypothesized that the animal's breathing pattern might be altered as a function of hydrostatic pressure, which in turn might affect the volume of air inspired and expired. The acoustic impedance difference between intercostal tissue and lung would be affected with altered lung inflation, thus altering the acoustic boundary conditions. In this study, 12 rats were exposed to 3 volumes of lung inflation ͑inflated: approximately tidal volume; half-deflated: half-tidal volume; deflated: lung volume at functional residual capacity͒, 6 rats at 8.6-MPa in situ peak rarefactional pressure ͑MI of 3.1͒ and 6 rats at 16-MPa in situ peak rarefactional pressure ͑MI of 5.8͒. Respiration was chemically inhibited and a ventilator was used to control lung volume and respiratory frequency. Superthreshold ultrasound exposures of the lungs were used ͑3.1-MHz, 1000-Hz PRF, 1.3-s pulse duration, 10-s exposure duration͒ to produce lesions. Deflated lungs were more easily damaged than half-deflated lungs, and half-deflated lungs were more easily damaged than inflated lungs. In fact, there were no lesions observed in inflated lungs in any of the rats. The acoustic impedance difference between intercostal tissue and lung is much less for the deflated lung condition, suggesting that the extent of lung damage is related to the amount of acoustic energy that is propagated across the pleural surface boundary