Tradition and Agency: tracing cultural continuity and invention

Tradition helps ensure continuity and stability in human affairs, signifying both the handing down of cultural heritage from one generation to the next, and the particular customs, beliefs and rituals being handed down. In the social sciences, tradition has been a central concept from the very start. Yet - to update the old quip about nostalgia - tradition is not what it used to be. Twenty years ago, Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger helped revolutionize the understanding of tradition in anthropology, history and sociology, stimulating an enormous amount of research on invented and imagined traditions. However, most of this research has focussed on the cultural dynamics of specific local innovations and reactions to global developments. The present anthology seeks to highlight instead just how widespread the invention and revival of traditions is. The individual chapters feature a fascinating series of case studies from Africa, Asia, the Pacific, Australia, and Europe, while the editors provide an overview of how the various discussions address the larger questions of cultural continuity, agency and the use of cultural resources

De Dødes Liv / The Life of the Dead

[Danish] Bornholmeruret i stuens hjørne vækker minder om bedstemor, boulevarden gennem byen husker os på, hvem der er landets største digter, og på bestemte datoer går vi hen og kigger lidt usikkert på en mosbegroet sten med et navn, to datoer og måske et par kærlige ord. Så selvom de ikke er her mere, omgiver vi os alligevel på den ene eller anden måde med vores afdøde slægtninge, nære venner, glorificerede helte og fjerne forfædre. Endda også i det snusfornuftige Danmark, hvor vi siden reformationen i 1500-tallet ellers har gjort vort bedste for at afbryde kontakten med dem på den anden side. De dødes liv krydser dog langt uden for landets grænser i undersøgelsen af åndernes verden. En række forskere fra forskellige fagområder, men primært antropologi breder perspektivet ud og ser nærmere på, hvordan mennesker i blandt andet Sibirien, Mexico, Uganda, Australien og Papua Ny Guinea fortsat lever i nær kontakt med de afdøde. ─ Så husk som en lille trøst: Vi skal alle dø, men de døde lever videre. [English] The Bornholm clock in the corner of the lounge room evokes memories about grandmother, the Boulevard through the city center reminds us, who the country’s greatest writer is, and on certain dates we go and look a bit uncertain at a moss covered stone with a name, two dates and perhaps a few loving words inscribed on it. Thus, although they are no longer here, we surround us somehow with our dead relatives, close friends, glorified heroes and distant ancestors. Also in modern-smart Denmark, where since the Reformation of the 16th century we have done our best to disengage with those on the other side. The book ‘The life of the dead’ travels far outside of Denmark’s boundaries to investigate the world of the spirits. A number of researcher from different disciplines, but primarily anthropology, widen the perspective and describe how people in Siberia, Mexico, Uganda, Papua New Guinea and other places continue to live in close contact with the deceased. Thus remember as a little comfort: We all have to die, but the dead live on

Design Anthropological Futures

A major contribution to the field, this ground-breaking book explores design anthropology's focus on futures and future-making. Examining what design anthropology is and what it is becoming, the authors push the frontiers of the discipline and reveal both the challenges for and the potential of this rapidly growing transdisciplinary field. Divided into four sections – Ethnographies of the Possible, Interventionist Speculation, Collaborative Formation of Issues, and Engaging Things – the book develops readers' understanding of the central theoretical and methodological aspects of future knowledge production in design anthropology. Bringing together renowned scholars such as George Marcus and Alison Clarke with young experimental design anthropologists from countries such as Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Brazil, the UK, and the United States, the sixteen chapters offer an unparalleled breadth of theoretical reflections and rich empirical case studies. Written by those at the forefront of the field, Design Anthropological Futures is destined to become a defining text for this growing discipline. A unique resource for students, scholars, and practitioners in design anthropology, design, architecture, material culture studies, and related fields

E+E-Projekt „Integration von Naturschutzzielen in den Ökologischen Landbau am Beispiel der Hessischen Staatsdomäne Frankenhausen“ - Maßnahmen in der bewirtschafteten Fläche

On the Hessian state domain Frankenhausen near Kassel the project “The Integration of Nature Conservation into Organic Farming” (supported by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation with funds of the Federal Environmental Ministry) aims to support biodiversity not only by restoring biotopes on the farmland. The focus lies on measures to enhance the diversity on the arable land and the pastures of the farm. A participatory approach is striven for, in which the scientists and planners take the role of a companion catalyst or moderator

Extended hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion enables ex situ preservation of porcine livers for up to 24 hours

Background & Aims: End-ischemic hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) of the donor liver for 1-2 h mitigates ischemia-reperfusion injury during subsequent liver transplantation. Extended preservation time may be preferred to facilitate difficult recipient hepatectomy or to optimize logistics. We therefore investigated whether end-ischemic dual HOPE (DHOPE) could extend preservation time for up to 24 h using a porcine liver reperfusion model. Methods: Following 30 min warm ischemia, porcine livers were subjected to 2 h static cold storage (SCS), followed by 2 h, 6 h, or 24 h DHOPE (n = 6 per group). Subsequent normothermic reperfusion was performed for 4 h using autologous blood. Two livers preserved by 24 h SCS served as additional controls. A proof of principle confirmation was carried out in 2 discarded human livers subjected to extended DHOPE. Hepatocellular and cholangiocyte injury and function were assessed. Oxidative stress levels and histology were compared between groups. Results: Perfusion flows remained stable during DHOPE, regardless of duration. After normothermic reperfusion, livers perfused for 24 h by DHOPE had similar lactate clearance, blood pH, glucose, and alanine aminotransferase levels, and biliary pH, bicarbonate, and LDH levels, as livers perfused for 2 h and 6 h. Levels of malondialdehyde and high-mobility group box 1 in serum and liver parenchyma were similar for all groups. Histological analysis of bile ducts and liver parenchyma revealed no differences between the groups. Extended DHOPE in discarded human livers preserved hepatocellular and cholangiocyte function and histology after reperfusion. In contrast, livers preserved by 24 h SCS were non-functioning. Conclusion: Extended end-ischemic DHOPE enabled successful preservation of porcine and discarded human donor livers for up to 24 h. Extended DHOPE enables safe extension of preservation time, which may facilitate allocation and transplantation from a logistical perspective, and further expand the donor pool. Lay summary: It has been suggested that preserving liver grafts with a technique called (dual) hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion ([D]HOPE) leads to better outcomes after transplantation than if livers are stored on ice, especially if an organ is of lesser quality. In this study, we showed that DHOPE could be used to preserve liver grafts for up to 24 h. This extended procedure could be used globally to facilitate transplantation and expand the donor pool

Dual Versus Single Oxygenated Hypothermic Machine Perfusion of Porcine Livers:Impact on Hepatobiliary and Endothelial Cell Injury

Background: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury of donor livers and is increasingly used in clinical transplantation. However, it remains unclear whether perfusion via the portal vein alone (HOPE) or via both the portal vein and hepatic artery (dual HOPE or DHOPE) is superior. Methods: Twelve porcine livers donated after circulatory death were randomized for 2 h of HOPE (n = 6) or DHOPE (n = 6), followed by 4 h of warm reperfusion with whole blood, to mimic transplantation. Hepatobiliary and endothelial cell function and injury markers were determined in perfusate and bile samples. Biopsies of bile ducts, hepatic arteries, and liver parenchyma were collected to assess histological damage and the expression of endothelial protective genes (KLF-2, eNOS, ET-1, CD31, VWF, VEGF-A). Results: There were no differences in hepatobiliary function and injury after warm reperfusion between the groups, apart from a 2-fold lower concentration of alanine aminotransferase in the perfusate (P = 0.045) and a lower peak lactate dehydrogenase in bile (P = 0.04) of livers preserved by DHOPE. Endothelial cell function and injury, as assessed by perfusate nitric oxide and von Willebrand factor antigen levels, as well as endothelial protective gene expressions, were similar between the groups. The hepatic arteries of both groups showed no microscopic evidence of injury. Conclusions: This study did not reveal major differences in hepatobiliary or endothelial function and injury after preservation by single or dual HOPE of porcine livers donated after circulatory death

Observer Variation of 2-Deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-Glucose-Positron Emission Tomography in Mediastinal Staging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer as a Function of Experience, and its Potential Clinical Impact

Purpose: To test the extent of variation among nuclear medicine physicians with respect to staging non-small cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography (PET). Procedures: Two groups of nuclear medicine physicians with different levels of PET experience reviewed 30 PET scans. They were requested to identify and localize suspicious mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) using standardized algorithms. Results were compared between the two groups, between individuals, and with expert reading. Results: Overall we found good interobserver agreement (kappa 0.65). Experience with PET translated into a better ability to localize MLN stations (68 % vs. 51%, respectively), and experienced readers appeared to be more familiar with translating PET readings into clinically useful statements. Conclusions: Although our results suggest that clinical experience with PET increases observers _ ability to read and interpret results from PET adequately, there is room for improvement. Experience with PET does not necessarily improve the accuracy of image interpretation

Cancer-ID:Toward Identification of Cancer by Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Blood

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have great potential as biomarkers since their composition and concentration in biofluids are disease state dependent and their cargo can contain disease-related information. Large tumor-derived EVs (tdEVs, >1μm) in blood from cancer patients are associated with poor outcome, and changes in their number can be used to monitor therapy effectiveness. Whereas, small tumor-derived EVs (<1μm) are likely to outnumber their larger counterparts, thereby offering better statistical significance, identification and quantification of small tdEVs are more challenging. In the blood of cancer patients, a subpopulation of EVs originate from tumor cells, but these EVs are outnumbered by non-EV particles and EVs from other origin. In the Dutch NWO Perspectief Cancer-ID program, we developed and evaluated detection and characterization techniques to distinguish EVs from non-EV particles and other EVs. Despite low signal amplitudes, we identified characteristics of these small tdEVs that may enable the enumeration of small tdEVs and extract relevant information. The insights obtained from Cancer-ID can help to explore the full potential of tdEVs in the clinic