Experimental set-up.

<p>Subjects were asked to conduct wrist motion of the phantom limb in three conditions: (1) unilateral (phantom only), (2) bimanual, and (3) bimanual wrist movement with visual feedback of the phantom limb by way of a mirror reflection of the intact hand. Wrist joint angle of intact side and EMG activity of the FCR and EDL muscles in both side were recorded during ten different rhythmic wrist flexion-extension movement in each condition.</p

VAS results when Subject L carried out 5 sessions of 10 different bimanual wrist movements.

<p>As the imposed line chart clearly indicates, VAS tended to increase and R2 value gradually decreased with the repetition of the session.</p

Patients characteristics.

<p>Patients characteristics.</p

Psychophysical Evaluation of the Capability for Phantom Limb Movement in Forearm Amputees - Fig 4

<p>The profile of wrist ROM (A) and EMG amplitudes obtained from ECR and FCR muscles (C) in response to motion frequency. The relationship between VAS and ROM was shown in the right panel (B)</p

Experimental setup.

<p>Subject was asked to conduct bilateral wrist motion with (right) and without (left) visual feedback of the phantom limb by way of a mirror reflection of the intact hand. Middle panel shows waveforms of the wrist joint motion and EMG activity of the FCR and EDL muscles during rhythmic synchronous wrist flexion-extension movement.</p

Summary of correlation analysis among VAS, wrist range of motion and EMG recorded from FCR and EDL muscles.

<p>In the left panel, blue and red circles indicate the absolute value of each parameter in Mirror– and Mirror+ conditions, respectively. In the center and right panels show the results of correlation analysis with the use of change rate induced by MVF. Regression line, the value of correlation coefficient and its statistical significance were indicated in each figure.</p

Patients characteristics.

<p>Patients characteristics.</p

Representation of the different two types of EMG changes due to MVF.

<p>Patient C (top panel) showed remarkable increase of VAS and EMG amplitude due to MVF while Patient G (bottom panel) did not show obvious changes in both VAS and EMG activities.</p

Effect of MVF on VAS (A), ROM (B), EMG activity of FCR (C) and ECR muscles (D).

<p>Each symbol indicates an individual subject data. The error bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean value. * Significant difference (p<0.05).</p

Supplementary_material_789453 – Supplemental material for Intra-individual biomechanical effects of a non-microprocessor-controlled stance-yielding prosthetic knee during ramp descent in persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation

<p>Supplemental material, Supplementary_material_789453 for Intra-individual biomechanical effects of a non-microprocessor-controlled stance-yielding prosthetic knee during ramp descent in persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation by Yusuke Okita, Nobuya Yamasaki, Takashi Nakamura, Tomoki Mita, Tsutomu Kubo, Atsuko Mitsumoto and Toru Akune in Prosthetics and Orthotics International</p