Effect of chemical and physical factors on germination capacity of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) seed depending on storage time

This paper presents the research results regarding the effect of temperature (-15oC) and sulfuric and gibberellic acids on germination capacity of 1-, 2- and 4-year-old seed of reed canary grass (P. arundinacea). According to the results obtained, the stimulatory and inhibitory effect of the above mentioned factors depended on seed age and the time of seed exposure. A significant increase in germination capacity under the influence of low temperature (-15oC) was recorded only for 2- and 4-year-old seed after 6-hour exposure. However, one-year-old seed showed a significant decrease in germination capacity after 48 hours of freezing. The application of sulfuric acid significantly increased seed germination capacity only in the case of 4-year-old seed, regardless of the time of exposure, while a decrease in germination capacity, also not related to the time of sulfuric acid application, was observed in 1-year-old seed. A significant increase in germination, resulting from seed treatment with gibberellic acid, was recorded for 4-year-old seed subjected to soaking for 12 h and for 2-year-old seed (soaking time 6 h) as well as for 1-year-old seed exposed to this factor for 1h. The inhibitory effect of gibberellic acid was observed in 1-year-old seed affected by this factor for 6h and 12 h as well as for hormone treatment of 2-year-old seed for 1 h and 12 h

Effect of chemical and physical factors on germination capacity of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) seed depending on storage time

This paper presents the research results regarding the effect of temperature (-15oC) and sulfuric and gibberellic acids on germination capacity of 1-, 2- and 4-year-old seed of reed canary grass (P. arundinacea). According to the results obtained, the stimulatory and inhibitory effect of the above mentioned factors depended on seed age and the time of seed exposure. A significant increase in germination capacity under the influence of low temperature (-15oC) was recorded only for 2- and 4-year-old seed after 6-hour exposure. However, one-year-old seed showed a significant decrease in germination capacity after 48 hours of freezing. The application of sulfuric acid significantly increased seed germination capacity only in the case of 4-year-old seed, regardless of the time of exposure, while a decrease in germination capacity, also not related to the time of sulfuric acid application, was observed in 1-year-old seed. A significant increase in germination, resulting from seed treatment with gibberellic acid, was recorded for 4-year-old seed subjected to soaking for 12 h and for 2-year-old seed (soaking time 6 h) as well as for 1-year-old seed exposed to this factor for 1h. The inhibitory effect of gibberellic acid was observed in 1-year-old seed affected by this factor for 6h and 12 h as well as for hormone treatment of 2-year-old seed for 1 h and 12 h

Weed problem on the newly established prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) plantations intended for energetic purposes Kontrola zachwaszczenia w pierwszym roku uprawy spartiny preriowej (Spartina pectinata) przeznaczonej na cele energetyczne

Abstract In our research conducted in years 2009-2011 three herbicides were examined in the respect of their usefulness at the plantation of prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) intended for energetic purposes. In the light of the conducted observations, it seems that selectivity of particular herbicides for prairie cordgrass plants and their effectiveness on particular weed species depend mainly on the growing phase of the plants as well as on particular weed species. Key words: effectiveness, herbicides, prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), selectivity, weed control Streszczenie W badaniach własnych prowadzonych latach 2009-2011 poddano ocenie trzy herbicydy pod kątem ich przydatności do stosowania na plantacji roślin spartiny preriowej (Spartina pectinata) przeznaczonej na cele energetyczne. Z przeprowadzonych obserwacji wynika, że selektywność poszczególnych herbicydów dla roślin spartiny preriowej oraz skuteczność ich działania na poszczególne gatunki chwastów, zależała głównie od fazy rozwojowej samych roślin jak również poszczególnych gatunków chwastów. . Eksperyment został przeprowadzony pod kątem selektywności lub jej braku w odniesieniu do roślin spartiny preriowe oraz skuteczności działania w stosunku do chwastów występujących na nowo zakładanych plantacjach. Herbicydy aplikowano w fazie 2-3 pędów i 3-5 liści spartiny preriowe. Fitotoksyczność badanych herbicydów oceniano po 7, 14 oraz 28 dni od momentu aplikacji herbicydów, stan i stopień zachwaszczenia plantacji gatunkami dominującymi, szacowano na początku wegetacji podając gatunek i liczbę w szt.*m -2 . Natomiast analizę zniszczenia chwastów wykonywano po 3-4 tygodniach od momentu aplikacji herbicydów a ocenę stopnia zachwaszczenia wtórnego gatunkami dominującymi przeprowadzano na 4 tygodnie przed zbiorem roślin spartiny preriowe. Wszystkie z przebadanych herbicydów, które zastosowano w nasadzeniach spartiny preriowe powodowały w ciągu pierwszych 7 dni od momentu aplikacji widoczne objawy fitotoksycznego działania w postaci chlorozy liści. Po upływie kolejnych 14 dni nie stwierdzono wyraźnych uszkodzeń liści po żadnym z zastosowanych herbicydów. Jedynie mieszanina zbiornikowa herbicydu Maister 310 WG i adiuwanta Actirob 842 EC, spowodowała 25% zahamowanie wzrostu, utrzymujące się do końca wegetacji roślin spartiny preriowe. Najlepsze efekty w regulacji zachwaszczenia na nowo założonej plantacji spartiny preriowej osiągnięto stosując łącznie herbicyd Maister 310 WG i adiuwant Actirob 842 EC. Mieszanina ta skutecznie ograniczała występowanie większości gatunków chwastów jakie pojawiły się na plantacji. Skuteczność działania pozostałych dwóch herbicydów: Zeus 208 WG i Shado 300 SC była istotnie niższa. Stwierdzono również, że jednorazowa aplikacja badanych herbicydów nie zapewniała utrzymania plantacji spartiny preriowe przez cały okres wegetacji w stanie wolnym od chwastów, gdyż po upływie około 16 tygodni od momentu zastosowania herbicydów, zaobserwowano pojawienie się wtórnego zachwaszczenia

Weed problem on the newly established prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) plantations intended for energetic purposes

In our research conducted in years 2009-2011 three herbicides were examined in the respect of their usefulness at the plantation of prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) intended for energetic purposes. In the light of the conducted observations, it seems that selectivity of particular herbicides for prairie cordgrass plants and their effectiveness on particular weed species depend mainly on the growing phase of the plants as well as on particular weed species

Ocena zdolności kiełkowania nasion oraz wybranych parametrów biometrycznych (długość oraz sucha masa korzeni i koleoptyla) słonecznika zwyczajnego (Helianthus annuus) po zastosowaniu preparatów zawierających efektywne mikroorganizmy (EM)

Seed germination and early growth microbiotest PhytotoxkitTM was used in the experiment, which consisted of 3 independent laboratory experimental series with one month intervals each and 3 replications. The aim of this study was to evaluate germination dynamics and capacity as well as selected biometric parameters after seed treatment with two preparations containing effective microorganisms: EM Farma (EMF) and EM Farma Plus (EMFP). Sunflower seeds (H. annuus) were chosen as the experimental material. Seeds soaked in distilled water were control objects (K) in these experiment. Apart from control (K), reference material was prepared in the form of two biostimulants: Kelpak SL (KSL) and gibberellic acid (GA3). The effect of the two biopreparations EM Farma (EMF) and EM Farma Plus (EMFP) was beneficial related to germination capacity and biometric parameters of sunflower (H. annuus).Doświadczenie przeprowadzono z użyciem mikrobiotestu kiełkowania i wczesnego wzrostu roślin – PhytotoxkitTM. Testy obejmowały 3 niezależne serie doświadczeń laboratoryjnych w odstępach miesięcznych po 3 powtórzenia. Celem doświadczenia była ocena dynamiki i zdolności kiełkowania oraz wybranych parametrów biometrycznych nasion po zastosowaniu dwóch preparatów zawierających efektywne mikroorganizmy: EM Farma (EMF) oraz EM Farma Plus (EMFP). Materiałem do badań były nasiona słonecznika zwyczajnego (H. annuus). Obiekt kontrolny (K) stanowiły nasiona, moczone jedynie w wodzie destylowanej. W doświadczeniu oprócz kontroli absolutnej (K), zastosowano również jako obiekty porównawcze dwa biostymulatory: Kelpak SL (KSL) oraz kw. giberelinowy (GA3). W przeprowadzonym doświadczeniu stwierdzono korzystny wpływ zastosowanych biopreparatów EM Farma (EMF) i EM Farma Plus (EMFP), związany z polepszeniem dynamiki kiełkowania oraz wybranych parametrów biometrycznych słonecznika zwyczajnego (H. annuus)

The weed species composition in a reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) plantation for energy purposes depending on its age

The present experiment, carried out in nine production fields of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) grown for energy purposes, evaluated the effect of plantation age on the occurrence and species composition of weeds. The selected plantations were divided into 3 groups that were conventionally called “young” (1–2 years old), “middle-aged” (3–5 years old), and “older” plantations (6–8 years old). Regardless of plantation age, altogether 43 species were found in the experimental fields. Moreover, 6 species were common for all the plantations and were found in them regardless of plantation age. The least species, only 18, were found on the “young” plantations, almost twice more on the “older” ones (30 species), whereas the largest spectrum of species was found in the “middle-aged” plantations (33 species). In the “young” plantations, annual weeds were the most common, with the highest constancy and coverage index found for Chenopodium album, Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora and Echinochloa crus-galli. The greatest variation in species was found in the “middle-aged” plantations. However, only 4 species achieved the highest constancy and coverage index: Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora, Cirsium arvense, Poa trivialis and Taraxacum officinale. Furthermore, perennial weeds were found to be dominant in the “older” plantations. Within this group, Poa trivialis, Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica, Plantago maior, and Cirsium arvense had the highest constancy and coverage index

Assessment of allelopathic potential of Solidago gigantea Aiton on dry weight of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Amaranthus retroflexus L.

Laboratory analyses using the 1st generation bioassay were conducted in the years 2013-2014 to investigate the allelopathic potential of wateralcoholic and aqueous extracts from dry weight of rhizomes and roots as well as stems and leaves of Solidago gigantea. Analysed acceptors were two weed species, i.e. monocotyledonous Echinochloa crus-galli and dicotyledonous Amaranthus retroflexus. When the acceptors (E. crus-galli and A. retroflexus) reached the 2-leaf stage (BBCH 12) they were sprayed with wateralcoholic and aqueous extracts (at concentrations of 12.5%, 10%, 5% and 2.5%) obtained from the donor, i.e. S. gigantea. Results indicate an inhibitory effect of wateralcoholic extracts from aboveground parts (leaves and stems) of S. gigantea in relation to dry weight of E. crus-galli and A. retroflexus. The volume of dry weight reduction in acceptors was dependent on the concentration of extracts produced from the donor plant S. gigantea. Dry weight of E. crus-galli and A. retroflexus was reduced most effectively by two concentrations: 12.5% and 10%. In turn, aqueous extracts from rhizomes and roots of S. gigantea, irrespective of the applied concentration, caused an increase in dry weight of E. crus-galli and A. retroflexus. Only aqueous extracts produced from leaves and stems of S. gigantea, irrespective of their concentration, reduced dry weight in only E. crus-galli

The weed species composition in a reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) plantation for energy purposes depending on its age

The present experiment, carried out in nine production fields of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) grown for energy purposes, evaluated the effect of plantation age on the occurrence and species composition of weeds. The selected plantations were divided into 3 groups that were conventionally called “young” (1–2 years old), “middle-aged” (3–5 years old), and “older” plantations (6–8 years old). Regardless of plantation age, altogether 43 species were found in the experimental fields. Moreover, 6 species were common for all the plantations and were found in them regardless of plantation age. The least species, only 18, were found on the “young” plantations, almost twice more on the “older” ones (30 species), whereas the largest spectrum of species was found in the “middle-aged” plantations (33 species). In the “young” plantations, annual weeds were the most common, with the highest constancy and coverage index found for Chenopodium album, Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora and Echinochloa crus-galli. The greatest variation in species was found in the “middle-aged” plantations. However, only 4 species achieved the highest constancy and coverage index: Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora, Cirsium arvense, Poa trivialis and Taraxacum officinale. Furthermore, perennial weeds were found to be dominant in the “older” plantations. Within this group, Poa trivialis, Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica, Plantago maior, and Cirsium arvense had the highest constancy and coverage index