The application of a continuous wavelet transform for diagnosing damage to the timing chain tensioner in a motorcycle engine

Timing chain tensioners are the elements whose damage may lead to serious failure of an engine. In addition, damage to the tensioner in a motorcycle engine may cause uncontrolled coming of the engine to a standstill, thereby putting the motorcyclist’s life or health at risk, should the timing chain break. The paper discusses the possibility of diagnosing damage to the timing chain tensioner in a motorcycle engine by means of the measurement, processing and analysis of vibration signals. The vibration generated by an engine equipped with a new, used and damaged tensioner was measured. By applying vibration signal processing by means of a continuous wavelet transform, the ranges of the rotational speed and the frequency scale were identified, for which monitoring of the condition of the timing chain tensioner should be conducted. Based on the tests performed, the quantitative and qualitative vibration symptoms of damage to the timing chain tensioner were identified

The assessment method of human exposure to noise emitted by lawnmowers equipped with single-cylinder combustion engines

Appliances equipped with single-cylinder combustion engines generate noise which may have an adverse effect on human health. Lawnmowers are one of the most popular examples of appliances utilising a drive of this type. This paper presents the results of measurements of sound levels emitted by such mowers and received in the whereabouts of their users. The effect was analysed of a change in the technical condition of their drive on the sound level and a method was proposed to assess its impact on users. The basis of the method is the summation of selected 1/3 octave bands, in which the main energy of noise generated by mowers with single-cylinder combustion engines is radiated

Evaluation of failure progress in glass- and jute-fibre reinforced polymer laminates by analysis of vibration and noise

The application of contactless and non-destructive methods of measurements and analyses of vibroacoustic signals to evaluate the degradation of composite materials during their bending is proposed in the paper. Stand tests of bending of composite samples based on simultaneous recording of the stress – deflection characteristics were carried out and measurements were performed of their instantaneous vibration velocity and acoustic pressure in their vicinity. Samples of glass- and jute-fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates were subjected to examination. The obtained results have shown that the measurements of vibration and acoustic pressure expand and supplement the mechanical tests, and enable observation of the momentary destructive changes in the investigated materials. It was found that an instantaneous change of signals amplitude corresponds to the occurrence of local failure in the composite material. Spectral analysis of vibration velocity and acoustic pressure signals allowed a selection of the frequency bands in which symptoms of failure occurring in the composite material can be observed. The tests have also shown that the thresholds of point characteristics determined on the basis of the recorded vibration and noise signals may be used as indicators of the beginning of composite material’s degradation when it is loaded

Assessment of the vibroactivity level of SI engines in stationary and non-stationary operating conditions

Combustion engines are one of the main sources of vibration and noise in vehicles. The level of engine vibroactivity is affected by aspects such as rotational speed and technical condition. Tests were carried out as part of the research, designed to assess the level of vibroactivity of SI engines in stationary and non-stationary conditions. During the bench tests, the engine’s rotational speed and its technical condition were changed by simulating a slightly enlarged valve clearance. As a result of the experiments it was determined that local changes in the amplitude of engine vibrations caused by the combustion process, clearances or misfire can be used as diagnostic information about the condition of the engine. It has been shown that the local level of vibration is dependent on the point of measurement, the angle of the crankshaft rotation and valve timing, and that for diagnostic tests, measurements performed in stationary engine operating conditions are more useful. The tests have also shown how the change of engine condition affects the level of noise and vibration generated, and how these levels change during the acceleration of the engine

Multicultural Heritage of Villages in the Local Dimension on the Example of Dobroń Community

This paper presents the results of research on the issue of multiculturalism in the aspect of historical spatial layouts and selected objects of material heritage on the example of Dobroń community. The authors focused their attention on the genetic and settlement analysis and morphological reconstruction of selected villages, mainly related to so called „Olęder” and Frederician colonization from the 18th and 19th centuries. The article also presents the history and contemporary state of preservation of some objects associated with particular national and religious groups that left a clear traces in the cultural landscape of the examined area.Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań dotyczących zagadnienia wielokulturowości wsi w aspekcie kształtowania historycznych układów przestrzennych oraz wybranych obiektów materialnego dziedzictwa na przykładzie gminy Dobroń. W opracowaniu skoncentrowano uwagę na dokonaniu analizy genetyczno-osadniczej i rekonstrukcji morfologicznej wybranych wsi, związanych głównie z kolonizacją olęderską i fryderycjańską w XVIII i XIX wieku. W artykule omówiono także dzieje i współczesny stan zachowania obiektów, powiązanych z konkretnymi grupami narodowymi oraz religijnymi, które pozostawiły wyraźny ślad w krajobrazie kulturowym na badanym obszarze

Changes in the spatial development of Wilamów in the pre-partition period

This paper presents the results of geographical and historical research concerning the development of the village of Wilamów in Szadek municipality. The village belonged to the royal estates, but for most of the surveyed period it remained under the tenancy of the nobility. The study analyses socio-economic changes using tax registers, inspection records and inventories of royal estates, as well as the oldest cartographic records. The study takes into account the size of the village, its demographic potential and agrarian structure, the scope of feudal obligations, types of land use, and the level of income.Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań geograficzno-historycznych dotyczących zagospodarowania wsi Wilamów w gminie Szadek w okresie nowożytnym. Należała ona do dóbr królewskich, jednak przez większość badanego okresu pozostawała ona w dzierżawie szlacheckiej. W pracy przeprowadzono analizę zmian społeczno-gospodarczych, wykorzystując rejestry podatkowe oraz lustracje i inwentarze dóbr królewskich, jak również najstarsze ujęcie kartograficzne. W badaniach uwzględniono wielkość wsi, jej potencjał demograficzny i strukturę agrarną, zakres powinności feudalnych, kierunki użytkowania oraz poziom dochodowości

Zarys geograficzno-historycznej koncepcji rozwoju organizacji przestrzennej Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego na ziemiach polskich

Zasadniczym celem opracowania jest próba dokonania rekonstrukcji rozwoju struktur diecezjalnych Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego na ziemiach polskich od okresu chrystianizacji do współczesności. Rozwój ten jest procesem wieloaspektowym, wykazującym znaczące zróżnicowanie czasowo-przestrzenne. Może być zatem wyłącznie rozpatrywany i interpretowany przez pryzmat zmieniającej się rzeczywistości społeczno-politycznej oraz eklezjalnej na różnych etapach rozwoju państwa polskiego i jego relacji z Kościołem. Dotychczasowe rozważania wskazują na funkcjonowanie przemian polegających na wahadłowym przebiegu przeobrażeń strukturalnych administracji kościelnej, na stopniowym przejściu od okresów wzmożonego rozwoju do momentów optymalnych, by następnie w wyniku destabilizacji kierować się ku regresowi. Cyrkumskrypcja jednostek diecezjalnych zachodziła sukcesywnie, z różną intensywnością, wykazując przy tym rytmiczność zmian zależnie od: – panującej sytuacji politycznej w kraju (partykularne interesy państwowe oraz interakcje międzynarodowe); – rozwoju terytorialnego państwa polskiego i jego podziałów wewnętrznych; – tendencji eklezjologicznych Kościoła powszechnego (zmiany prawne, dogmatyczne, dążenia ewangelizacyjne, zróżnicowane znaczenie instytucji kościelnych w różnych okresach historycznych), – potrzeb duszpasterskich i organizacyjnych Kościoła partykularnego; – złożonych determinant społecznych, kulturowych i ekonomicznych (w tym czynników personalistycznych)

The application of a continuous wavelet transform for diagnosing damage to the timing chain tensioner in a motorcycle engine

Timing chain tensioners are the elements whose damage may lead to serious failure of an engine. In addition, damage to the tensioner in a motorcycle engine may cause uncontrolled coming of the engine to a standstill, thereby putting the motorcyclist’s life or health at risk, should the timing chain break. The paper discusses the possibility of diagnosing damage to the timing chain tensioner in a motorcycle engine by means of the measurement, processing and analysis of vibration signals. The vibration generated by an engine equipped with a new, used and damaged tensioner was measured. By applying vibration signal processing by means of a continuous wavelet transform, the ranges of the rotational speed and the frequency scale were identified, for which monitoring of the condition of the timing chain tensioner should be conducted. Based on the tests performed, the quantitative and qualitative vibration symptoms of damage to the timing chain tensioner were identified

Późnogotyckie kościoły typu wieluńskiego – problem identyfikacji, uwarunkowań genetyczno-osadniczych i współczesnych walorów kulturowych

The chapter concerns the problem of identification, genetic and settlement conditions, and present cultural values of late Gothic wooden churches representing the Wielun type. It is a homogeneous collection from the sixteenth century, specific in terms of location and physiognomy. As a result of the discussion on the classification criteria, 10 preserved objects of this type were identified. Based on historical sources and literature, an analysis of the origins of the studied group of historic buildings was carried out, taking into account the issues of church administration, settlement and ownership relations. Then, the location and architectural features of the churches were examined, taking into account the variability and preservation of historic structural and decorative forms. The analyzed objects are characterized by outstanding cultural values and therefore require special care and implementation of complex actions in the field of legal protection and conservation

Past and present of Hutsulshchyna as the Carpathian borderland region. Remarks on changes of spatial structures, ethno-cultural specificity and heritage

The Hutsuls are a small-ethnic sub-group who live in the Eastern Carpathians. Because of their isolation in the mountains and resistance to change they were able to preserve their traditional way of life, based on cattle and sheep herding and craftsmanship, despite falling under the rule of many different governments. As a stateless territory, the Hutsul land is characterized by the successive foreign forces that spread their domination. Thus, Hutsulshchyna belonged to the Kiev Empire from the 9th to the 12th century. From the 14th until the end of the 18th century it was part of Poland until its partition in 1772, when the Hutsuls started to be ruled by the Austrian Empire. By the end of the First World War, Hutsulshchyna was part of the unsuccessful first attempt at creating an independent state. Between the two World Wars, Hutsulshchyna belonged to Poland until the Red Army forces occupied the area in 1945 and made it a part of the Soviet Union. Since its collapse in 1991, Hutsulshchyna is mainly located in periphery of the freshly independent Ukraine, but southern part of region belongs to Romania. It is recognized as the typical European borderland region. The Hutsul people are an impressive example for the close bond between people and nature. For centuries they have been living in the remote valleys of this mountainous area. It is believed that this group moved into the Carpathian highlands between the 14th and 18th centuries. Today, there are more than hundred Hutsul villages, but only some of them preserve their original ethnic character. The principal occupations of the population are the breeding of cattle and sheep, and work in the forests, cutting, hauling, and floating timber. Traditional Hutsul culture is represented by the colorful and intricate craftsmanship of their clothing, sculpture, architecture, wood-working, metalworking, rug weaving and pottery. Along with other Hutsul traditions, as well as their songs and dances, this culture is often celebrated and highlighted by the different countries that Hutsuls inhabit. Hutsuls are characterized by small population size, geographical isolation and traditional social relations. Their history, origins, and identification are still subject to controversy. Peasant peoples, without any codified language, political power or local intelligentsia are able to express self-identity, but the process of constructing their national consciousness and their situation between various cultures are very difficult to understand. Their way of life, strong social connections and heritage are very unique, but for how long will the Hutsul traditions, customs and habits continue to live? The outside civilization has begun making inroads into the traditional Hutsul lifestyle and settlement, which can weakly be resisted in the twenty-first century