Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

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Not AvailableTHIS PAPER DEALS WITH LIGHT REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS , MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR ELIMINATING LIGHT STRES AND RESULTS OF A STUDY CONDUCTED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SHADE LOVING CROPS OF GINGER AND TURMERIC UNDER THE SHADE OF MULBERRY PLANTATIONS. RESULTS REVEALED THAT WHILE GINGER WAS CONFIRMED TO BE A SHADE- LOVING CROP, TURMERIC SHOWED INCREASED RHIZOME YIELD WITH INCREASING LIGHT LEVELS. IMPACT OF SHADE ON RHIZOME YIELDS OF BOTH THE CROPS WAS MORE PRONOUNCED IN MULCHED PLOTS THAN UNMULCHED PLOTS DUE TO FAVOURABLE SOIL ENVIRONMENT AND REDUCED MOISTURE AND NUTRIENT STRESS.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHIS PAPER DEALS WITH LIGHT REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS, MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR ELIMINATING LIGHT STRESS AND RESULTS OF A STUDY CONDUCTED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SHADE LOVING CROPS OF GINGER AND TURMERIC UNDER THE SHADE OF MULBERRY PLANTATIONS . RESULTS REVEALED THAT WHILE GINGER WAS CONFIRMED TO BE SHADE- LOVING CROP, TURMERIC SHOWED INCREASED RHIZOME YIELD WITH INCREASING LIGHT LEVELS. IMPACT OF SHADE ON RHIZOME YIELDS OF BOTH THE CROPS WAS MORE PRONOUNCED IN MULCHED PLOTS THAN UNMULCHED PLOTS DUE TO FAVOURABLE SOL ENVIRONMENT AND REDUCED MOISTURE AND NUTRIENT STRESS.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableN THE PAPER DISCUSSES THE RESULTS OF A STUDY CONDUCTED AT SELAKUI ( DEHRADUN) DURING 1986-92 TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF PLANTING DIRECTION AND ROOT PRUNING OF TREES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CROPS, TREES AND IMPROVEMENT OF RAVINE LANDS. THE RESULTS REVEALED THAT THERE WAS NO ADVERSE EFFECT OF TREES ON CROP YIELDS UPTO THREE YEARS. AFTERWARDS REDUCTION IN YIELDS NEAR THE EUCALYPTUS TREE LINE WAS RECORDED IN BOTH CEREALS AS WELL AS OIL SEEDS. TRENCHED PLOTS WHERE TREE ROOTS WERE PRUNED RECORDED HIGHER YIELDS NEAR TREE/CROP INTERFACE BY 31.2 , 37.4, 51.0 AND 51.4 % IN MAIZE , WHEAT , SESAME AND TORIA RESPECTIVELY. EAST- WEST ASPECT RECORDED 18.8% HIGHER WHEAT YIELDS DUE TO BETTER LIGHT AVAILABILITY. PRUNING OF ROOTS SLIGHTLY DEPRESSED TREE GROWTH. BAUHINIA PURPUREA WAS FOUND MORE COMPATIBLE WITH CROPS THAN GREWIA OPTIVA. AFTER 7 YEARS OF PLANTATION, THERE WAS REDUCTION IN SOIL pH BY 0.3 UNITS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN ORGANIC CARBON BY 0.15% AND DECREASE IN BULK DENSITY AND IMPROVEMENT IN WATER HOLDING CAPACITY IN SUCH DEGRADED LANDS.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE PAPER PRESENTS RESULTS OF A STUDY ON TREE AND FIELD CROP INTERACTION UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS OF DOON VALLEY. GREWIA OPTIVA (BHIMAL) , MORUS ALBA( MULBERRY) AND EUCALYPTUS HYBRID WERE TRIED ALONG WITH CROPS IN PADDY ( AKASHI) - WHEAT (RR- 21) ROTATION. IT WAS OBSERVED THAT ALL THE TREE SPECIES HAS DEPRESSING EFFECT ON THE YIELD OF CROPS.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSTUDIES WERE CONDUCTED (1986-1989) TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF MULTIPURPOSE TREES PLANTING DIRECTION AND PRUNING OF TREE ROOTS ON THE YIELD OF RAINFED CROPS. ON CLASS V BOULDERY LAND AT THE RESEARCH FARM SELAKUI DEHRADUN. IN SYSTEMATIC PLUS SHAPED EXPERIMENT , REDUCTION IN CROP YIELDS NEAR EUCALYPTUS HYBRID TREE LINE (0-2 m SEGMENT) WAS FOUND AND BEYOND THAT YIELDS WERE OBSERVED TO BE NORMAL.Not Availabl