<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB">Evaluation of Acute toxicity of Lambda Cyhalothrin in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Mus musculus</i> L.</span>

551-555Lambda Cyhalothrin (LCT) is a type II synthetic pyrethroid widely used in agriculture, home pest control and protection of food stuff.  Here, we evaluated its toxicity on biochemical parameters (Total protein, Acetyl cholinesterase, RNA and DNA) and liver histological alteration in mice after 24 h of oral administration @ 25, 50 and 75% of LD50 i.e., 26.49 mg/kg/body wt. Distilled water (DW) and Cyclophosphamide (CP @ 40 mg/kg/body wt.) were used as negative and positive control, respectively. LCT treated mice showed significant decrease in total protein (P P P <0.001) in a dose dependent manner. On the contrary, RNA content showed significant increase (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">P 50 of LCT. Histological observations of the mice liver showed vascular congestion and hepatocyte degeneration with 6.63 mg/kg/body wt. of LCT; and accumulation of RBCs with sinusoid degeneration and wide necrotic area with pyknosis with 13.25 and 19.88 mg/kg/body wt., respectively. The results demonstrated LCT induced biochemical changes and hepatotoxicity in female mice.<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; letter-spacing:-.1pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span

Reducing Enteric Methanogenesis through Alternate Hydrogen Sinks in the Rumen

Climate change and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from agriculture has resulted in significant pressure on the livestock industry for advanced practices that are environmentally more sustainable. Livestock is responsible for more than 15% of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission via enteric fermentation and improved strategies for mitigating enteric CH4 production therefore represents a promising target to reduce the overall GHG contribution from agriculture. Ruminal CH4 is produced by methanogenic archaea, combining CO2 and hydrogen (H2). Removal of H2 is essential, as its accumulation inhibits many biological functions that are essential for maintaining a healthy rumen ecosystem. Although several other pathways occur in the rumen, including reductive acetogenesis, propionogenesis, nitrate, and sulfate reduction, methanogenesis seems to be the dominant pathway for H2 removal. Global warming is not the only problem associated with the release of CH4 from ruminants, but the released GHG also represent valuable metabolic energy that is lost to the animal and that needs to be replenished via its food. Therefore, reduction of enteric CH4 emissions will benefit not only the environment but also be an important step toward the efficient production of high-quality animal-based protein. In recent decades, several approaches, relying on a diverse set of biological and chemical compounds, have been tested for their ability to inhibit rumen methanogenesis reliably and without negative effects for the ruminant animal. Although many of these strategies initially appeared to be promising, they turned out to be less sustainable on the industrial scale and when implemented over an extended period. The development of a long-term solution most likely has been hindered by our still incomplete understanding of microbial processes that are responsible for maintaining and dictating rumen function. Since manipulation of the overall structure of the rumen microbiome is still a significant challenge targeting key intermediates of rumen methanogenesis, such as H2, and population that are responsible for maintaining the H2 equilibrium in the rumen could be a more immediate approach. Addition of microorganisms capable of non-methanogenic H2 sequestration or of reducing equivalents are potential avenues to divert molecular H2 from methanogenesis and therefore for abate enteric CH4. However, in order to achieve the best outcome, a detailed understanding of rumen microbiology is needed. Here we discuss some of the problems and benefits associated with alternate pathways, such as reductive acetogenesis, propionogenesis, and sulfate and nitrate reduction, which would allow us to bypass H2 production and accumulation in the rumen

Nutritional and Functional Properties of Oats: An Update

Abstract: With snowballing interest in eating for health in the developed world coupled with the endemic obesity problem, much attention is being directed towards delivering soluble fibers to the consumer through food. Cereal foods are obvious and major sources of healthy soluble and insoluble fiber grown over 73 % of the total global harvested area. These contribute to over 60% of the world food production providing about 50 percent of protein and energy necessary for the human diet. Oats provide more protein, fiber, iron and zinc than other whole grains. They have high nutritive value both for people and animals because of good taste and an activity of stimulating metabolic changes in the body. Oats are said to be unique among cereals as they are therapeutically active against diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, inflammatory state and vascular injury than other grains which are predominantly insoluble, such as wheat or rice. This review highlights the nutritional value of oats, β-glucan in them as biologically defense modifier, their mode of action against various diseases and enlists various fermented and non-fermented products of oats available in market

Reducing Enteric Methanogenesis through Alternate Hydrogen Sinks in the Rumen

Climate change and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from agriculture has resulted in significant pressure on the livestock industry for advanced practices that are environmentally more sustainable. Livestock is responsible for more than 15% of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission via enteric fermentation and improved strategies for mitigating enteric CH4 production therefore represents a promising target to reduce the overall GHG contribution from agriculture. Ruminal CH4 is produced by methanogenic archaea, combining CO2 and hydrogen (H2). Removal of H2 is essential, as its accumulation inhibits many biological functions that are essential for maintaining a healthy rumen ecosystem. Although several other pathways occur in the rumen, including reductive acetogenesis, propionogenesis, nitrate, and sulfate reduction, methanogenesis seems to be the dominant pathway for H2 removal. Global warming is not the only problem associated with the release of CH4 from ruminants, but the released GHG also represent valuable metabolic energy that is lost to the animal and that needs to be replenished via its food. Therefore, reduction of enteric CH4 emissions will benefit not only the environment but also be an important step toward the efficient production of high-quality animal-based protein. In recent decades, several approaches, relying on a diverse set of biological and chemical compounds, have been tested for their ability to inhibit rumen methanogenesis reliably and without negative effects for the ruminant animal. Although many of these strategies initially appeared to be promising, they turned out to be less sustainable on the industrial scale and when implemented over an extended period. The development of a long-term solution most likely has been hindered by our still incomplete understanding of microbial processes that are responsible for maintaining and dictating rumen function. Since manipulation of the overall structure of the rumen microbiome is still a significant challenge targeting key intermediates of rumen methanogenesis, such as H2, and population that are responsible for maintaining the H2 equilibrium in the rumen could be a more immediate approach. Addition of microorganisms capable of non-methanogenic H2 sequestration or of reducing equivalents are potential avenues to divert molecular H2 from methanogenesis and therefore for abate enteric CH4. However, in order to achieve the best outcome, a detailed understanding of rumen microbiology is needed. Here we discuss some of the problems and benefits associated with alternate pathways, such as reductive acetogenesis, propionogenesis, and sulfate and nitrate reduction, which would allow us to bypass H2 production and accumulation in the rumen

Ethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus HM36338: Optimization of fermentation conditions using response surface methodology

630-635Bioethanol interests researchers as the greener alternative to fossil fuels. Fungal strains play a major role in this process. On the other hand, whey disposal in dairy industry is an issue of environmental concern. The cheese whey is a source of ethanol production. Kluyveromyces marxianus HM363381 is one such fungal strain used in ethanol production from crude whey. Here, we studied the process of ethanol production by the above strain and attempted to optimize the fermentation conditions adopting response surface methodology (RSM). A total of 20 fermentation trials were carried out which were produced from RSM with the central composite design using the three parameters, lactose concentration (5-20%), yeast extract (10-60%) and the inoculum size (5-14%). The experimental results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and lack of fit tests. The best operating conditions were found to be 14.14% (w/v) lactose concentration, 9.44 % inoculum size and 59.67 g/L yeast extract by keeping the other variables at their zero level, under which the strain Kluyveromyces marxianus HM363381 produced 59 g/L of ethanol. The results demonstrated a correlation of the experimental data to the dynamic models with high significant values of R2 and, thus, could be useful for scaling up the ethanol production by fermentation of crude whey

ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF SELECTED PLANTS AND VACCINE DESIGN AGAINST mecA PROTEIN OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Objective- Emergence of Multi Drug Resistance indicates a dire to understand the bacterial involvement in infections and find out new alternative approaches in its therapeutics and prevention. The present study was undertaken to study the antimicrobial resistance patterns of S. aureus isolated from various samples collected from Hospitals of Gwalior. During the present study an effort was made to find out the information about mecA protein of Staphylococcus and their conserved regions were analyzed in order to assess their antigenic potential.Methods- In the present study, a total of 872 samples were collected and processed for MRSA screening. Conventional methods were used for the isolation and identification of bacteria. Thereafter, antibacterial property of 20 various drugs  as well as aromatic compounds of 18 herbal plants was performed against multiple resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates according to the guidelines of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). In silico prediction of vaccine candidates in mecA through bioinformatics approach was also performed.Results-The study revealed that drug resistance pattern of MRSA isolates is increasing. But the major concern is the development of resistance against Vancomycin which is thought be the most effective drug against Staphylococcus. In comparison to antibiotics, essential oils showed very good activity against the test bacteria with few exceptions.Conclusion- The essential oils of Clove and Cinnamon were found to be more active against the test organism. We predicted multi-epitope peptide which was having very good potential to induce B cell response and a very good candidate for binding to MHC II molecule and thus can act as a suitable vaccine target against S. aureus.Keywords: Multidrug Resistance, essential oils, in silico, multi-epitope peptide

Caractérisation phénotypique et génotypique de lactobacilles de fromage Churpi.

The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of lactobacilli in Churpi cheese, a traditional variety of cheese made from yak milk. Thirty-five lactobacilli isolated from five different samples procured from different parts of Arunachal Pradesh (India) were analyzed by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The 16S rDNA sequencing for all the isolates was performed. Five different species of lactobacilli were isolated from Churpi cheese with the predominance of Lactobacillus paracasei followed by Lactobacillus plantarum. All the isolates were further evaluated for their technological properties such as citrate utilization, exopolysaccharide (EPS), bacteriocin, and acid production. Forty-three percent isolates were found positive for citrate utilization, while 14% were found good acid producer, and 11% for EPS production. Lactobacillus coryniformis was an uncommon species found in Churpi cheese. Isolates obtained in this study can be potentially used for the development of defined strain starter for Churpi cheese.Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer la diversité des lactobacilles du fromage Churpi, une variété traditionnelle de fromage fabriqué à partir de lait de yak. Trente-cinq lactobacilles isolés de cinq échantillons différents obtenus de différents endroits d'Arunachal Pradesh (Inde) ont été analysés à l'aide de méthodes phénotypiques et génotypiques. Le séquençage de l'ADNr 16S de tous les isolats a été réalisé. Cinq espèces différentes de lactobacilles ont été isolées du fromage Churpi avec une prédominance de Lactobacillus paracasei suivi par Lactobacillus plantarum. Tous les isolats ont ensuite été évalués pour leurs propriétés technologiques telles que l'utilisation du citrate, la production d'exopolysaccharides (EPS), de bactériocine et d'acide. 43 % des isolats se sont avérés positifs pour l'utilisation du citrate, 14 % bons producteurs d'acide et 11 % producteurs d'EPS. Lactobacillus coryniformis, espèce rare dans le fromage, a été trouvé dans le fromage Churpi. Les isolats obtenus dans la présente étude pourraient servir au développement de levains de souches définies pour la fabrication de fromage Churpi