19 research outputs found
Nitrati u biljci i zemljiÅ”tu nakon Äubrenja travnoleguminoznih smeÅ”a
Nitrates are one of the most frequent utilized forms of N from soil. Through root they reach stem and leaf where in photosynthetic processes they convert into proteins. Due to exposure to stress situations, and excessive nitrogen fertilization, nitrate accumulation in plant tissues and organs occurs. Also, nitrates can accumulate in harmful concentrations in soil. Nitrates accumulated in plants have harmful effect on animals which consume plants since they cause various health disorders. In variance analysis in both investigation years it was established that fertilization as well as interaction of factors mixture/fertilization had very significant effect on investigated quality parameter, contrary to mixture as single factor. In both investigation years, treatments with 210 kgN ha-1 had the highest nitrate concentration. Content of nitrate nitrogen in soil is increased by fertilization. Objective of the research was to determine nitrate quantities which are accumulated in plants subsequent to n fertilization and growing in mixtures with other species, as well as to determine nitrate quantities which remain in the soil unutilized, which are potential causes of environment pollution.Nitrati su jedan od najÄeÅ”Äe usvajanih oblika N iz zemljiÅ”ta. Preko korena oni dospevaju do stabla i lista gde se fotosintetiÄkim procesima konvertuju u proteine. Usled izloženosti stresnim situacijama, kao i preteranim Äubrenjem azotnim Äubrivima, dolazi do nagomilavanja nitrata u tkivima i organima biljaka. Pored toga oni se mogu nakupljati u Å”tetnim koncentracijama i u zemljiÅ”tu. U biljkama nagomilani nitrati imaju Å”tetnog uticaja na životinje, jer ishranom, izazivaju razliÄite zdravstvene poremeÄaje. Analizom varijanse u obe godine ispitivanja utvrÄeno je da su Äubrenje kao i interakcija faktora smeÅ”a/Äubrenje imali vrlo znaÄajnog uticaja na ispitivani parametar kvaliteta, za razliku od smeÅ”e kao pojedinaÄnog faktora. U obe ispitivane godine tretmani sa 210 kgN ha-1 imali su najveÄu koncentraciju nitrata. Sadržaj nitratnog azota u zemljiÅ”tu poveÄava se Äubrenjem.Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrdi koje su to koliÄine nitrata koje biljka akumulira nakon Äubrenja N Äubrivom i gajenjem u smeÅ”i sa drugim vrstama, kao i koje su to koliÄine nitrata koje ostaju u zemljiÅ”tu ne iskoriÅ”Äenje, a koje mogu biti potencijalni zagaÄivaÄi životne sredine
Govedarska proizvodnja - stanje i buduÄi pravci razvoja u Republici Srbiji
Number of heads of cattle in the last 11 years is constantly decreasing. In this period, number of cattle is reduced by 18%. Number of cows and pregnant heifers reduced by 14%. Data indicate that at the end of 2006 1,096.000 heads of cattle were registered. It should be pointed out that number of cows and pregnant heifers of 710.000 heads at the end of 2006 which are included in reproduction represent the future of Serbian cattle production in future. Dominant breeds are Domestic Spotted and Simmental cattle, participating by about 70% in total number, then crossbreds of Domestic Spotted and Simmental and Busha cattle participating with about 25%, and about 5% goes to Black and Red-White cattle of European White-Black and Holstein races. Production of cow's milk is in slight constant increase. This can be explained by increased production of milk per cow. Genetic progress in milk traits was achieved by utilization of progeny tested bulls on milk and increased scope of artificial insemination of cows and heifers. Production of meat is in constant decrease which is consequence of reduction of total number of cattle as well as insufficient number of slaughterhouses with EU certificate. Of total quantity of produced meat, in Central Serbia 69.000 t and in Vojvodina 21.000 t of meat is produced. Starting from the current situation in cattle production, and on basis of previous practice, domestic and international, and development of cattle breeding, fast and efficient transformation of cattle production is necessary, enlargement of agricultural farms and forming of specialized farmers for production of meat and milk. Systems of certification and registration which would increase the product value should be introduced on specialized farms. Milk produced in this way can have added value on the market through special dairy products (hard cheeses, semi hard cheeses, white-soft cheeses and milk beverages). Agricultural households/farms specializing in meat production have objective - production of beef for domestic needs and export. Future of export of Serbian meat is first of all in production of beef of high quality which complies with demands of specific markets (Italy, Greece, etc.).Na osnovu zvaniÄnih statistiÄkih podataka stanje u govedarstvu se ocenjuje kao nepovoljno. Broj grla poslednjih deset godina konstantno opada. U ovom periodu broj goveda je smanjen za 18%. Dok je broj krava i steonih junica smanjen za 14,3%. Podaci o brojnom stanju i kategorijama goveda takodje ukazuju na znaÄajno smanjenje, tako da kategorija junadi od 1-2 godine je smanjen za 24.5% dok broj teladi je smanjen za 29.2%. Podaci pokazuju da je na kraju 2006. godine evidentirano 1,096.000 grla goveda. Posebno treba imati u vidu da broj krava i steonih junica od 710.000 grla na kraju 2006. godine koja ulaze u reprodukciju predstavljaju buduÄnost srpske govedarske proizvodnje u narednom periodu. Dominantne rase su domaÄa Å”arena i simentalska rasa, sa uÄeÅ”Äem od oko 70% u ukupnom broju goveda, zatim melezi goveda domaÄe Å”arene i simentalske rase i buÅ”a goveda sa oko 25%, i 5% Äine crno-bela goveda i crveno-bela goveda evropskih crnobelih i holÅ”tajn rasa. Proizvodnja kravljeg mleka je u blagom stalnom porastu. Ovo se može objasniti poveÄanom proizvodnjom mleka po kravi. Genetski napredak u osobinama mleÄnosti postignut je koriÅ”Äenjem progeno testiranih bikova na mleko i poveÄanom obimu veÅ”taÄkog osemenjavanja krava i junica. Proizvodnja mesa je u stalnom opadanju Å”to je posledica opadanja ukupnog broja goveda kao i nedovoljan broj klanica koje imaju sertifikat EU. U 2006. godini registrovane su samo 4 klanice sa EU sertifikatima. Od ukupne koliÄine proizvedenog mesa u Centralnoj Srbiji se proizvede 69.000 t dok u Vojvodini 21.000 t. PolazeÄi od postojeÄeg stanja u govedarskoj proizvodnji, kao i na osnovu dosadaÅ”nje domaÄe i meÄunarodne prakse i razvoja govedarstva neophodna brza i efikasna transformacija govedarske proizvodnje u cilju ukrupnjavanja zemljiÅ”nih poseda i stvaranja specijalizovanih farmera za proizvodnju mleka i mesa. Na specijalizovanim farmama treba uvesti sisteme certifikacije i registracije koje poveÄavaju vrednost proizvoda. Ovako proizvedeno mleko može se dalje valorizovati na tržiÅ”tu preko specijalnih proizvoda od mleka (tvrdi sirevi, polutvrdi sirevi, beli sir i mleÄni napitci). Gazdinstva ( farmeri ) specijalizovani za proizvodnju mesa imaju za cilj proizvodnju juneÄeg mesa za domaÄe potrebe i za izvoz. BuduÄnost srpskog izvoza mesa leži pre svega u proizvodnji juneÄeg mesa takvog kvaliteta koji odgovara zahtevima odgovarajuÄeg tržiÅ”ta (Italija, GrÄka i dr)
Prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih gljiva u hrani za živinu
In Serbia, commercial feedstuffs are an important component in modern animal husbandry, but there is no information available about fungal contamination. Because of that the aim of this study was to determine the mycoflora incidence in poultry feeds. A total of 230 samples of poultry feeds were examined for total fungi count and the presence of potential toxigenic fungi genera. Total fungi count were 1-9 x 104 CFU g-1 in the most of investigated poultry feed samples (38.26%). The most prevalent fungi genera were Fusarium (56.09%) and Aspergillus (54.35%), followed by Rhizopus (40%), Penicillium (30.87%), Mucor (30.04%) and the least frequency species were from genus Alternaria (3.48%).U Srbiji komercijalna hrana za životinje je važna komponenta u savremenom stoÄarstvu, ali nema dostupnih informacija o kontaminiranosti ove hrane gljivama. Zbog toga cilj ovoga rada je bio odreÄivanje sastava mikoflore u hrani za živinu. U ukupno 230 uzoraka hrane za živinu prouÄavani su ukupan broj gljiva i prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih rodova gljiva. U veÄini prouÄavanih uzoraka hrane za živinu (38.26%) ukupan broj gljiva bio je od 1-9 x 104 CFU g-1. Najzastupljeniji rodovi gljiva bili su Fusarium (56.09%) i Aspergillus (54.35%), zatim slede Rhizopus (40%), Penicillium (30.87%), Mucor (30.04%) a najmanje zastupljene vrste gljiva bile su iz roda Alternaria (3.48%)
Udeo tkiva u maloprodajnim delovima juneÄih trupova
In order to determine the content of certain tissues in retail (main) cuts of young cattle carcasses, dissection of 30 carcass sides from young cattle was performed. Average weight of carcass sides was 169 kg. Average share of meat (approx. 86%) in carcass parts of the 1st category (leg), in carcass parts of the 2nd category (loin, back, shoulder) approx. 78%, and in carcass parts of the 3rd category (neck, subshoulder, foreshank, breast, ribs, belly, leg) approx. 73% was determined. Share (average) of bones in carcass parts of the 1st category was approx. 11%, 2nd category approx. 18%, and 3rd category approx. 20%. Share (average) of fat in carcass parts of the 1st category was approx. 2,0%, 2nd category approx. 3,5%, and 3rd category approx. 5,5%. Average share of binding tissue in carcass parts of the 1st category was approx. 0,3%, 2nd category approx. 0,7% and 3rd category approx. 1,5%. .U cilju utvrÄivanja sadržaja tkiva u maloprodajnim delovima juneÄeg trupa, obavljena je disekcija 30 polutki proseÄne mase 169 kg. ProseÄni udeo mesa u delovima trupa I kategorije (but) iznosio je oko 86%, u delovima trupe II kategorije (slabine, leÄa, pleÄka) oko 78%, a u delovima trupa III kategorije (vrat, podpleÄka, podlaktica, grudi, rebra, trbuÅ”ina, kolenica) oko 73%. Udeo kostiju u delovima trupa I kategorije bio je oko 11%, II kategorije oko 18%, a III kategorije oko 20%. Udeo loja u delovima trupa I kategorije iznosio je oko 2,0%, II kategorije oko 3,5%, a III kategorije oko 5,5%. ProseÄni udeo vezivnog tkiva u delovima trupa I kategorije iznosi oko 0,3%, II kategorije oko 0,7% i III kategorije oko 1,5%.
Uporedni prikaz kvaliteta svinjskih trupova primenom nekih savremenih metoda ocene
In this paper quality of carcasses/carcass sides and meat from 5 different pig genotypes was comparably evaluated. Quality of carcass sides was evaluated prior to slaughtering in vivo (SONOMARK SM 100 M), early post mortem on slaughter line (FOM), by method of two points (ZP - ZWEIPUNKT) as well as method of partial dissection on cold left carcass sides according to EU recommendations. By analysis of obtained results it can be concluded that fatteners of type E (LW x SL) x P had the highest meat yield in carcass sides (61,90; 62,40; 58,85 and 58,89%) by any other mentioned methods of evaluation compared to average meat yield in carcass sides of other investigated genotypes. Average yield of muscle tissue in carcasses of pigs of E genotype (LW x SL) x P (58,89%) established by method of partial dissection was statistically considerably higher (*p (lt) 0,05) than the average (56,06%) meat yield in carcasses of pigs of genotype D, very significantly higher (**p (lt) 0,01) than average (57,01%) meat yield in carcasses of pigs of genotype C and very highly significantly higher (***p (lt) 0,001) than average (51,30%) meat yield in carcasses of pigs of genotype A. The quality of meat was also investigated comparably by determining its technological quality and chemical composition of MLD in investigated genotypes of pigs. Technological quality and chemical composition of MLD demonstrated significant (*p (lt) 0,05) differences in WBC and pigment content between genotypes B and C and B and E. Average values for content of ashes and share of pigment are in accordance with average values which characterize muscles of normal traits. By analysis of obtained results we conclude that fatteners of genotype E (LW x SL) x P had the highest meat yield in carcass sides (61,90; 62,40; 58,85 and 58,89%), but quality was slightly decreased which indicates need for further improvement of meat quality.U radu je izvrÅ”eno komparativno ocenjivanje kvaliteta trupova/polutki i mesa 5 razliÄitih genotipova svinja. Kvalitet polutki ocenjen je na živim životinjama pre klanja in-vivo SONOMARK SM 100 M), rano post mortem na liniji klanja (FOM), metodom dve taÄke (ZP - ZWEI-PUNKT) kao i metodom parcijalne disekcije na ohlaÄenim levim polutkama po preporuci EU. Analizom dobijenih rezultata može se zakljuÄiti da su tovljenici genotipa E (VJ x Å L) x P imali najveÄi prinos mesa u polutkama (61,90; 62,40; 58,85 i 58,89%) pri koriÅ”Äenju bilo koje od navedenih metoda ocene u poreÄenju sa proseÄnim prinosom mesa u polutkama svinja ostalih ispitivanih genotipova. ProseÄan prinos miÅ”iÄnog tkiva u trupovima svinja genotipa E (VJ x Å L) x P (58,89%) ustanovljen primenom metode parcijalne disekcije statistiÄki znaÄajno veÄi (*p (lt) 0,05) od proseÄnog (56,06%) prinosa mesa u trupovima svinja genotipa D, vrlo znaÄajno veÄi (**p (lt) 0,01) od proseÄnog (57,01%) prinosa mesa u trupovima svinja genotipa C i vrlo visoko znaÄajno veÄi (* **p (lt) 0,001) od proseÄnog (51,30%) prinosa mesa u trupovima svinja genotipa A. Ispitan je komparativno i kvalitet mesa odreÄivanjem tehnoloÅ”kog kvaliteta i hemijskog sastava MLD-a ispitivanih genotipova svinja TehnoloÅ”ki kvalitet i hemijski sastav mesa MLD-a ispoljio je znaÄajne (*p (lt) 0,05) razlike u SVV i sadržaju pigmenata izmeÄu genotipova B i C i B i E. ProseÄne vrednosti za sadržaj pepela i udeo pigmenata odgovara proseÄnim vrednostima koje karakteriÅ”e miÅ”iÄe normalnih svojstava. Analizom dobijenih rezultata zakljuÄujemo da su tovljenici genotipa E (VJ x Å L) x P imali najveÄi prinos mesa u polutkama (61,90; 62,40; 58,85 i58,89%), no neÅ”to umanjenog kvaliteta, Å”to iziskuje dalji rad na poboljÅ”anju kvaliteta mesa
Tehnologija proizvodnje pileÄeg mesa u sistemu gajenja sa ispustom (tehniÄko reÅ”enje)
Promene osnovnih principa proizvodnje pileÄeg mesa u zemljama EU, koje se odnose prvenstveno na oÄuvanje i poboljÅ”anje dobrobiti farmskih životinja, zaÅ”titu životne sredine i bezbednost hrane namenjene ljudskoj upotrebi, uslovili su intenzivan razvoj brojnih programa proizvodnje prirodne (ekoloÅ”ke, bioloÅ”ke, organske, biodinamiÄke i sl.) hrane.
U naÅ”oj zemlji, pored intenzivne brojlerske proizvodnje, najzastupljeniji je ekstenzivan sistem u onom najstarijem i najzaostalijem vidu koji primenjuju mnogi odgajivaÄi malih jata koji raspolažu odgovarajuÄim povrÅ”inama zemlje oko svojih dvoriÅ”ta. Na taj naÄin, i u povoljnim uslovima, može se odgajiti manji broj, do nekoliko desetina piliÄa. TroÅ”kovi proizvodnje su relativno mali, a piliÄi se koriste za potrebe domaÄinstva ili prodaju onim potroÅ”aÄima koji posebno cene prirodnu hranu i koji baÅ” ovakve piliÄe traže i kupuju Äesto ne pitajuÄi za cenu. Kod nas joÅ” uvek ne postoji proizvodnja piliÄa na paÅ”njaku (ispustu) po principima racionalizovanog sistema.
Problem koji se reÅ”ava uvoÄenjem tehnoloÅ”kog postupka proizvodnje pileÄeg mesa u sistemu gajenja sa ispustom u praksu je organizacija proizvodnje pileÄeg mesa posebnog kvaliteta po principima racionalizovanog sistema, Å”to je naÄin da se ostvari dodatna vrednost pileÄeg trupa i otvori novo tržiÅ”te pileÄih proizvoda. S obzirom na specifiÄnosti tehnoloÅ”kog postupka, koji se odnose na obezbeÄenje paÅ”njaÄke povrÅ”ine, omoguÄio bi se razvoj ruralnih oblasti
Indirektno utvrÄivanje mesnatosti trupa
Objective of our research was to determine the correlation between quantity of meat, fat and bones in carcass with same tissues in three rib cut and quantity of muscle tissue in carcass with surface of M. longissimus dorsi. Investigation was carried out on male fattening young bulls of Domestic Spotted breed of average weight prior to slaughtering of 503 kg, and by total dissection total quantity of muscle, fat and bone tissue in carcass was determined. Correlation between mass of muscle tissue in carcass and mass of muscle tissue in three rib cut of carcasses weighing in average 284 kg was r=O.69, which means strong and positive. Correlation coefficient between mass of fat and bone tissue in carcass and mass of fat and bone tissue in three rib cut for same group was r=0.65 for fat tissue and r=0.53 for bone tissue. Correlation between mass of muscle tissue in carcass of average mass of 284 kg and cross section surface of M. longissimus dorsi on cut of 11. rib was r=0.80.Cilj naÅ”ih istraživanja je bio da se ispita povezanost koliÄine mesa, loja i kostiju u trupu sa istim tkivima u trorebarnom odresku i koliÄine miÅ”iÄnog tkiva u trupu sa povrÅ”inom M. longissimus dorsi. Ispitivanje je sprovedeno na muÅ”kim tovnim junadima domaÄe Å”arene rase proseÄne mase pre klanja 503 kg. a totalnom disekcijom je utvrÄena ukupna koliÄina miÅ”iÄnog. masnog i koÅ”tanog tkiva u trupu. Povezanost izmeÄu mase miÅ”iÄnog tkiva u trupu i mase miÅ”iÄnog tkiva u trorebarnom odresku trupova proseÄne mase 284 kg je r=0.69, znaÄi jaka i pozitivna. Koeficijent korelacije izmeÄu mase masnog i koÅ”tanog tkiva u trupu i mase masnog, odnosno koÅ”tanog tkiva u trorebarnom odresku za istu grupu iznosio je r=0.65 za masno tkivo i r=0.53 za koÅ”tano tkivo. Povezanost mase miÅ”iÄnog tkiva u trupu proseÄne mase 284 kg sa povrÅ”inom popreÄnog preseka M. longissimus dorsi na preseku 11. rebra iznosila je r=0.80
Uticaj sistema gajenja i bioloÅ”kih faktora na konformaciju trupa i klaniÄne osobine piliÄa u tovu
The effect of the rearing system (intensive and semi intensive) and biological factors (genotype, age, sex) on absolute and index values of carcass conformation measures in chickens (metatarsus length, keel length, breast depth, thigh girth and breast angle) was investigated. In the trial Arbor Acres and Redbro chickens were used and duration of fattening was 42 and 50 days. Chickens at the age of 50 days had better conformation compared to chickens at the age of 42 days. Carcasses of male chickens had better conformation than female chickens. Genotype Arbor Acres had considerably higher values of relative conformation measures than chickens of Redbro genotype. Chickens reared in chicken coop had higher values for length of metatarsus, breast depth and thigh girth compared to chicken reared on free range.Ispitivan je uticaj sistema gajenja (intenzivan i poluintenzivan) i bioloÅ”kih faktora (genotip, uzrast, pol) na apsolutne i indeksne vrednosti mera konformacije trupa piliÄa (dužina piska, dužina kobilice, dubina grudi, obim bataka i grudni ugao). U ogledu su bili piliÄi Arbor Acres i Redbro i dužina trajanja tova bila je 42 i 50 dana. PiliÄi uzrasta 50 dana su imali bolju konformaciju od piliÄa uzrasta 42 dana. Trupovi petliÄa imali su bolju konformaciju od kokica. Genotip Arbor Acres imao je znaÄajno veÄe vrednosti relativnih mera konformacije od piliÄa genotipa Redbro. PiliÄi odgajani u objektu u odnosu na piliÄe odgajane na ispustu imali su duže piskove, dublje grudi i veÄi obim bataka
Varijabilnost pojedinih osobina kvaliteta jaja za konzum u zavisnosti od proizvoÄaÄa i godine ispitivanja
Interest of consumers in safety and quality of table eggs is increasing. Considering the deficit/lack of eggs from alternative systems, as well as increased production cost and other (zoo-hygienic) problems in these systems, it is necessary to improve egg quality traits in intensive production conditions. In Serbia, numerous mini farmers are main suppliers of table eggs on the market, therefore there is the issue of subjective factor, i.e. producer on the quality of egg. At the same time, objective of the paper was to investigate the changes of the egg quality traits depending on the year of investigation. During three production cycles, on five farms for production of table eggs with Isabrown layers, following quality traits were investigated: egg mass, albumen height, Haugh units, yolk color, egg shell color, cleanliness and thickness. Investigation results indicated significant effect of investigation years, i.e. production cycles on quality of table eggs, based on main flocks of same light layer hen hybrid, as well as quality of feeds used for their nutrition. Also, results indicated the possibility for improvement of egg quality even in conditions of intensive production and that this improvement greatly depends on the awareness of the producer about the importance of the correct realization of production technology.Zainteresovanost potroÅ”aÄa za bezbednost i kvalitet jaja za konzum je sve veÄa. Obzirom na deficit jaja iz alternativnih sistema, kao i na veÄe troÅ”kove proizvodnje i druge (zoohigijenske) probleme koji se javljaju u ovim sistemima, neophodno je poboljÅ”anje osobina kvaliteta jaja i u intenzivnim uslovima proizvodnje. U Srbiji, tržiÅ”te konzumnim jajima uglavnom snabdevaju brojni mini farmeri pa se postavlja pitanje uticaja subjektivnog faktora, odnosno proizvoÄaÄa na kvalitet jaja. Istovremeno, cilj rada je bio i ispitivanje promena osobina kvaliteta jaja u zavisnosti od godine ispitivanja. U toku tri proizvodna ciklusa, kod pet proizvoÄaÄa jaja za konzum Isabrown hibrida kokoÅ”i, ispitane su osobine kvaliteta: masa jajeta, visina belanca, Hogove jedinice, boja žumanca, boja, ÄistoÄa i debljina ljuske. Rezultati istraživanja su ukazali na signifikantan uticaj ispitivanih godina, odnosno proizvodnih ciklusa na kvalitet jaja za konzum, koji je zasnovan na razliÄitim matiÄnim jatima istog lakog linijskog hibrida kokoÅ”i, kao i kvalitetu upotrebljenih hraniva za ishranu kokoÅ”i nosilja. S druge strane, ukazuju da moguÄnosti za poboljÅ”anje kvaliteta jaja postoje i u uslovima intenzivne proizvodnje i da u velikoj meri zavise od svesti proizvoÄaÄa o znaÄaju pravilnog sprovoÄenja proizvodne tehnologije