Perbedaan Fungsi-Fungsi Public Relations Dalam Sosialisasi Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Pilkada) “Kasus Di KPUD YOGYAKARTA Dan KPUD Bantulâ€

This research attempts to analyze the differences of Public Relations (PR) function in local election (Pilkada). Pilkada is a democratic process in Indonesia. Government needs big participation of society, as one successful point of pilkada is participation of society. Effort to bring public politics participation cannot be separate from politics socialization process. Socialization process is public attitude establishment and politics orientation process. Pilkada socialization carried out by KPUD (Komisi Pemilihan Umum Daerah) as executor. To make an effective socialization to public, KPUD needs to use specific function called Public Relation. Communication activity between organization and its public divided into some part of PR function, including publicity, advertising, press agentry, lobbying, issue management, investor relation and public affair. Basically, implementation of PR function in the process of PILKADA may be different in each region. It becomes the reason why author want to compare KPUD Yogyakarta and Bantul. Governance system differences among both regions would affect in government’s socialization policy. Those differences depend on population, social classes, demographic condition and personal motivation. It is also effecting in PR function held by government, as in media and in society as target operatio

Relationships between relative testis weight and variation in sperm hook length in murine rodents.

<p>A) Relationship between relative testis weight and within-male variation in sperm hook length. The figure illustrates the linear regression of the coefficient of within-male variation in apical hook length on the proportion of relative testis weight for six studied rodent species. B) Relationship between relative testis weight and between-male variation in sperm hook length. The figure illustrates the linear regression of the coefficient of within-male variation on the proportion of relative testis weight in apical hook length for six studied rodent species.</p

Phylogeny of studied species.

<p>The figure illustrates the phylogenetic relationships among the studied species <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068427#pone.0068427-Martin1" target="_blank">[40]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068427#pone.0068427-Michaux1" target="_blank">[41]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068427#pone.0068427-Suzuki1" target="_blank">[42]</a>.</p

Variation in Apical Hook Length Reflects the Intensity of Sperm Competition in Murine Rodents

<div><p>Background</p><p>Post-copulatory sexual selection has been shown to shape morphology of male gametes. Both directional and stabilizing selection on sperm phenotype have been documented in vertebrates in response to sexual promiscuity.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>Here we investigated the degree of variance in apical hook length and tail length in six taxa of murine rodents.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Tail sperm length and apical hook length were positively associated with relative testis mass, our proxy for levels of sperm competition, thus indicating directional post-copulatory selection on sperm phenotypes. Moreover, our study shows that increased levels of sperm competition lead to the reduction of variance in the hook length, indicating stabilizing selection. Hence, the higher risk of sperm competition affects increasing hook length together with decreasing variance in the hook length. Species-specific post-copulatory sexual selection likely optimizes sperm morphology.</p></div

Generalised linear least square tests of: a) the effect of the relative testis weight (proxy measure for post-copulatory sexual selection) on sperm length traits, b) the effect of hook length on its variation c) the effect of sperm tail length on its variation.

<p>CV_wm is the average coefficient of within-male variation in hook length and tail length. CV_bm is the coefficient of between-male variation in sperm traits, adjusted for sample size (see Methods). The statistical analyses were performed in R and based on transformed variables to approach normality (arcsine square-root for the proportion of relative testis weight, log for CV_wm and CV_bm). Slopes were tested against the prediction of 0 using the <i>t</i>-test. Lambda (λ) indicates the level of phylogenetic dependence in the data, with superscripts giving p-values for test of λ = 0 and λ = 1 respectively. R² values indicate the proportion of total variance explained.</p

Correlation of OTU abundance between males and females within individual breeding pairs.

<p>Histogram showing the distribution of simulated means of Fisher’s z transformed Spearman’s correlation coefficient computed based on the correlation of relative abundance of individual OTUs between males and females belonging to the same breeding pair. The grey area indicates the 95% confidence interval for the simulated means. The black arrow corresponds to the mean Fisher’s z transformed Spearman’s correlation coefficient calculated based on the original community table. Permutation-based significance is indicated above the arrow.</p

Betadiversity of barn swallow cloacal microbiome.

<p>Non-metric multidimensional scaling, based on Hellinger, unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances for barn swallow cloacal microbiota. Green and brown symbols indicate males and females, respectively. Circles and triangles correspond to the two localities sampled (Kotrbů and Šaloun, respectively). Individuals belonging to the same breeding pair are indicated by the same plotting character and connected by a dashed line.</p

2014 AOU talk

<p>A central theme of evolutionary research is to understand the source and function of phenotypic variation. For most phenotypic traits, sources of variation can be partitioned into genetic or environmental variation. Identifying the proportion of variance due to these components allows for predictions regarding phenotypic responses to variable environments and selection to be made. Barn swallow subspecies have divergent phenotypes and it appears that the focal trait for female preferences has also diverged. We examined the sources of phenotypic variation of melanin-based ventral plumage in two populations of barn swallows: North America (Colorado) and Europe (Czech Republic). In North America, male coloration is the target of sexual selection with darker males achieving higher reproductive success. However, it is unclear what role coloration plays in mate choice decision for our study population in the Czech Republic. In both populations, we found that coloration is explained by both genetic and environmental variation. However, comparative analyses suggest that there is no divergence among these populations in the additive genetic covariance structure for color traits. These results provide insight into the possible mechanisms that lead to phenotypic divergence between these recently diverged subspecies.</p

Taxonomic composition of barn swallow cloacal microbiome.

<p>Bar heights correspond to the proportion of sequences assigned to individual bacterial phyla. Numbers above the bars indicate number of 97% TBC OTUs corresponding to a given phylum.</p

Particular relationships and their residuals.

<p>(A) FIDs/vegetation concealment relationships for tangential (observed  =  empty squares, modeled  =  dashed line) and direct (observed  =  solid squares, modeled  =  solid line) approaches. (B) Neither residuals between data and models for the tangential approach (empty squares) and the direct approach (solid squares) nor the direct minus the tangential approaches (triangles) show significant bias. (C) Observed (squares) and modeled (line) relationships between FID for a direct approach and the difference between FIDs for the two types of approach. N = 17 in all cases, though some points overlap at pictures symbols (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032522#pone.0032522.s003" target="_blank">Data S1</a>).</p