The Development of Superconducting Magnets for Use in Particle Accelerators: From the Tevatron to the LHC

Superconducting magnets have played a key role in advancing the energy reach of proton synchrotrons and enabling them to play a major role in defining the Standard Model. The problems encountered and solved at the Tevatron are described and used as an introduction to the many challenges posed by the use of this technology. The LHC is being prepared to answer the many questions beyond the Standard Model and in itself is at the cutting edge of technology. A description of its magnets and their properties is given to illustrate the advances that have been made in the use of superconducting magnets over the past 30 years

Emittance growth mechanisms in the Tevatron beams

In this article we present results of emittance growth measurements in the Tevatron beams. Several mechanisms leading to transverse and longitudinal diffusions are analyzed and their contributions estimated.Comment: 7 p

Interview with Alvin V. Tollestrup

An interview in two sessions, September and December 1994, with Alvin V. Tollestrup, who joined the Caltech faculty as a research fellow in the Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy in 1950. Dr. Tollestrup received a BS in engineering from the University of Utah (1944) and after a stint in the U.S. Navy became a physics graduate student at Caltech (PhD 1950), working with William A. Fowler and Charles C. Lauritsen in the Kellogg Radiation Laboratory. He became assistant professor of physics in 1953, associate professor in 1958, and full professor in 1962. In 1977, he joined the staff of Fermilab, where he had spent the preceding two years on sabbatical developing the superconducting magnets for the Energy Doubler/Saver machine that became the Tevatron. There he also played a key role in creating the CDF [Collider Detector at Fermilab], work leading to the 1995 discovery of the top quark. In this interview, he discusses his early interest in science, his wartime radar work, and his career at Caltech, where he helped develop the Caltech synchrotron and later conducted important and innovative experiments, including the photoproduction of pions. He recalls his 1957-58 sabbatical at CERN, helping to plan and execute the first experiment at its 600-MeV cyclotron, on pion decay. He discusses the history of particle accelerators, and particularly of Fermilab’s Tevatron, noting the contributions of laboratory director Robert R. Wilson and his successor, Leon Lederman; the competition with Brookhaven National Laboratory’s ISABELLE project, and the search for the top quark. He concludes by commenting on the future prospects for high-energy physics

The Origination and Diagnostics of Uncaptured Beam in the Tevatron and Its Control by Electron Lenses

In the Collider Run II, the Tevatron operates with 36 high intensity bunches of 980 GeV protons and antiprotons. Particles not captured by the Tevatron RF system pose a threat to quench the superconducting magnet during acceleration or at beam abort. We describe the main mechanisms for the origination of this uncaptured beam, and present measurements of its main parameters by means of a newly developed diagnostics system. The Tevatron Electron Lens is effectively used in the Collider Run II operation to remove uncaptured beam and keep its intensity in the abort gaps at a safe level.Comment: 36 pp, 15 Figs, submitted for publicati5on in Phys. Rev. Special Topics Accel. Beam

Materials for Accelerator Technologies Beyond the Niobium Family

Three niobium-based materials make up the entire present portfolio of superconducting technology for accelerators: Nb-Ti and Nb{sub 3}Sn magnet wires and pure niobium for RF cavities. Because these materials are at a high level of maturity, limits imposed by the boundaries of their superconductivity constrain the energy reach of accelerators to several TeV. We sketch here a plan for targeted development of emerging higher field and higher temperature superconductors that could enable accelerators at significantly higher energies. Niobium-based superconductors are the crucial enablers of present accelerators. The Nb-Ti LHC dipole and quadrupole wires, with transition temperature T{sub c} of 9 K and upper critical field H{sub c2} of 15 T, represent the highest form of superconductor strand art: massive, quarter-ton conductor billets are drawn from 300 mm diameter to {approx}1 mm as a single, multi-kilometer-long piece, while retaining uniformity of the several thousand Nb-Ti filaments to within 5% at the scale of a few micrometers. Strands are twisted into fully transposed cables with virtually no loss, preserving a carefully tuned nanostructure that generates the high flux-pinning forces and high current densities to enable high magnetic fields. Nb{sub 3}Sn, with twice the T{sub c} and H{sub c2}, is now approaching this level of conductor art, where over the last 5 years the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) and the Next European Dipole (NED) program have demonstrated that Nb{sub 3}Sn can be made into 4 meter long quadrupoles with 12 T fields and 250 T/m gradients. Linear accelerators at TJNAF, ORNL (SNS), and under construction for the European XFEL exploit niobium superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) technology, with gradients at {approx}20 MV/m. Tremendous research and development is underway to realize high-power goals for Project X at FNAL and for a possible ILC at 35 MV/m gradients. Despite these impressive achievements, the very maturity of these niobium-based technologies makes them incapable of additional leaps from the several-TeV scale. Nb-Ti is already nearly perfect and operates at the limit of the superconducting phase. Further perfection of Nb cavities and Nb{sub 3}Sn magnets might provide 50 % growth in energy, based on proof-of-principle demonstrations that approach theoretical limits, e.g. 52 MV/m gradient in re-entrant Nb cavities and 18 T dipoles made from Nb3Sn strand. However, operation close to superconducting margins is risky, and cost tradeoffs to execute such a high degrees of perfection are likely to be negative

The design of a liquid lithium lens for a muon collider

The last stage of ionization cooling for the muon collider requires a multistage liquid lithium lens. This system uses a large ({approximately}0.5 MA) pulsed current through liquid lithium to focus the beam while energy loss in the lithium removes momentum which is replaced by linacs. The beam optics are designed to maximize the 6 dimensional transmission from one lens to the next while minimizing emittance growth. The mechanical design of the lithium vessel is constrained by a pressure pulse due to the sudden ohmic heating, and the stress on the Be window. The authors describe beam optics, the liquid lithium pressure vessel, pumping, power supplies, as well as the overall optimization of the system

Status of Muon Collider Research and Development and Future Plans

The status of the research on muon colliders is discussed and plans are outlined for future theoretical and experimental studies. Besides continued work on the parameters of a 3-4 and 0.5 TeV center-of-mass (CoM) energy collider, many studies are now concentrating on a machine near 0.1 TeV (CoM) that could be a factory for the s-channel production of Higgs particles. We discuss the research on the various components in such muon colliders, starting from the proton accelerator needed to generate pions from a heavy-Z target and proceeding through the phase rotation and decay ($\pi \to \mu \nu_{\mu}$) channel, muon cooling, acceleration, storage in a collider ring and the collider detector. We also present theoretical and experimental R & D plans for the next several years that should lead to a better understanding of the design and feasibility issues for all of the components. This report is an update of the progress on the R & D since the Feasibility Study of Muon Colliders presented at the Snowmass'96 Workshop [R. B. Palmer, A. Sessler and A. Tollestrup, Proceedings of the 1996 DPF/DPB Summer Study on High-Energy Physics (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA, 1997)].Comment: 95 pages, 75 figures. Submitted to Physical Review Special Topics, Accelerators and Beam