Bullying a personas con trastornos de la comunicación integradas en establecimientos escolares: Rol de la Fonoaudiología y sus implicancias en la salud comunicativa

Bullying is a phenomenon defined as a form of intentional aggression that includes verbal, physical or psychological acts that occur in a relationship with other people in a repeated, systematic and sustained manner over time. Most of the studies focus on bullying and its consequences in the normal school population, however, there is little exploration of bullying that is the result of a communication disorder. This is why the work of speech therapists inserted in educational settings is not clear in explaining the guidelines for therapeutic actions that favor the prevention of this phenomenon. The purpose of this research is to know the main conceptions that speech-language pathologists have about bullying in people with communication disorders at school age. With this objective, an investigation was carried out with quantitative and qualitative methods, mediated by surveys and in-depth interviews, respectively. It was found that more than 65% of bullying between people within educational establishments is related to children between 9 and 12 years of age with communication disorders. Regarding the self-perception of the speech-language pathology role in the issue of prevention and/or intervention in bullying issues, the concepts of favoring aspects of language and/or speech in children who have difficulty emerge, raising awareness of the actors involved, the reinforcement of self-esteem and interdisciplinary teamwork. Completing the analytical treatment of the interviews, it is established that speech therapy would play a fundamental role in addressing bullying in populations with communication disorders, being the professional who acts directly on communicative health.El bullying es un fenómeno definido como una forma de agresión intencional que incluye actos verbales, físicos o psicológicos que ocurren en una relación con otras personas de manera reiterada, sistemática y sostenida en el tiempo. La mayor parte de los estudios se concentran en el bullying y las consecuencias en población escolar normotípica, sin embargo, existe poca exploración en el bullying que es resultado de un trastorno comunicativo. Es por ello que la labor de los fonoaudiólogos insertos en ámbitos educativos no es clara en explicitar los lineamientos de acciones terapéuticas que favorezcan la prevención de este fenómeno. El propósito de esta investigación es conocer las principales concepciones que los fonoaudiólogos tienen sobre el bullying en personas con trastornos de la comunicación en edad escolar. Con este objetivo, se realizó una investigación con métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, mediados por encuestas y entrevistas en profundidad respectivamente. Se encontró que más del 65% del bullying entre personas dentro de los establecimientos educacionales se relaciona con niños de entre 9 y 12 años de edad con trastornos de la comunicación. En cuanto a la autopercepción del rol fonoaudiológico en el tema de la prevención e/o intervención en temas de bullying, emergen los conceptos de favorecer los aspectos del lenguaje y/o del habla en los niños que tienen dificultad, la sensibilización de los actores involucrados, el  refuerzo del autoestima y el trabajo en equipo interdisciplinario.Finalizando el tratamiento analítico de las entrevistas, se establece que la Fonoaudiología cumpliría un papel fundamental en el abordaje del bullying en poblaciones con trastornos de la comunicación, siendo el profesional que actúa directamente sobre la salud comunicativa

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data