Descriptions of Excavations (khāta) in the Triśatībhāṣya : Surveying Method and Two Terms, laṃba and kaḍī (Study of the History of Mathematics 2022)

The Triśatībhāṣya is an anonymous commentary on the Sanskrit arithmetic text Triśatī by Śrīdhara (ca. 800 CE). “Excavations” (khāta) is one of the topics in the Triśatī, and Śrīdhara offers rules and examples for calculating the dimensions of a pit with irregular sides (i.e., arithmetical means) and the capacity of a pit with uniform sides. The present paper attempts to restore the surveying method of excavations described in the Triśatībhāṣya, and to clarify the meanings of two terms, laṃba and kaḍī, employed in the commentary

Drowsiness estimation from identified driver model

This paper proposes an estimation method for a driver\u27s drowsiness that uses an identified driver model. In the previous report, it was shown that a driver\u27s involuntary response to a car\u27s motion can be extracted by pre-filtering and provided to the real-time identification method. The identified driver model contains meaningful parameters related to the driver\u27s characteristics. In the present research, the correlation between the identified driver model and drowsiness was investigated using the results of an actual driving test. Then, the drowsiness-estimation function was constructed which evaluated the delay, gain, uncertainties, and time variation of the steering behaviour of the identified driver model. The driving test showed that the proposed method had sufficient precision to provide a warning of inattentive driving. © 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis

A model of antimycin A binding based on structure-activity studies of synthetic antimycin A analogues

AbstractThe structural factors of antimycin A molecule required for inhibitory action were studied using newly synthesized antimycin A derivatives with bovine heart submitochondrial particles, in order to probe the interaction between antimycin A and its binding site. In particular, we focused upon the roles of the amide bond bridge, which connects the salicylic acid and dilactone ring moieties, and the 3-formylamino group in the salicylic acid moiety. The lack of formation of an intramolecular hydrogen-bond between phenolic OH and amide carbonyl groups resulted in a remarkable loss of the activity (by four orders of magnitude), indicating that this hydrogen-bond is essential for the inhibition. This result suggested that both the phenolic OH and the carbonyl groups form a hydrogen-bond with some residues at a fixed conformation. In addition, the inhibitory potency was remarkably decreased by N-methylation of the amide bond moiety, indicating that the NH group might function in hydrogen-bond interaction with the binding site. The N-methylation of 3-formylamino group also resulted in a decrease in the activity, probably due to a loss of the rotational freedom of this functional group. Molecular orbital calculation studies with respect to the conformation of the 3-formylamino group indicated that this group takes an active conformation when the formyl carbonyl projects to the opposite side of the phenolic OH group. Based upon a series of structure-activity studies of synthetic antimycin A analogues, we propose a tentative model for antimycin A binding in its binding cavity

A Patient with Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome Presenting with Executive Cognitive Deficits and Cerebral White Matter Lesions

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects males who are carriers of a premutation of a CGG expansion in the FMR1 gene. In Asian populations, FXTAS has rarely been reported. Here, we report the case of a Japanese FXTAS patient who showed predominant executive cognitive deficits as the main feature of his disease. In contrast, the patient exhibited only very mild symptoms of intention tremor and ataxia, which did not interfere with daily activities. A gene analysis revealed that the patient carried a premutation of a CGG expansion (111 CGG repeats) in the FMR1 gene. The mRNA expression level of FMR1 in the patient was 1.5-fold higher than in controls. On brain MRI scans, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images showed high-intensity lesions in the middle cerebellar peduncles and the cerebral white matter, with a frontal predominance. The present case extends previous notions regarding the cognitive impairment in FXTAS patients. Recognizing FXTAS patients with predominant cognitive impairment from various ethnic backgrounds would contribute to our understanding of the phenotypic variation of this disease

THE KINEMATICS OF OVERGROUND SPRINTING IN TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES WITH PREVIOUS HAMSTRING INJURIES

The purpose of this study was to examine the kinematic characteristics of lower extremity and long head of the biceps femoris (BFlh) muscle length during overground sprinting in track and field athletes with previous unilateral hamstring strain injuries. Ten male college sprinters with a history of hamstring injury performed a maximum effort sprint on an athletic track. Three-dimensional kinematic data were recorded during sprinting, and the hip and knee joint angles and musculotendon length of the biceps femoris muscle were calculated. The previously injured limb displayed delayed peak hip flexion and increased knee flexion compared with the uninjured limb, placing the BFlh muscle at decreased length during the terminal swing phase of sprinting

IRE1-XBP1 Pathway of the Unfolded Protein Response Is Required during Early Differentiation of C2C12 Myoblasts

ArticleInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21(1): 182. (2019)journal articl

Dexamethasone and Acetate Modulate Cytoplasmic Leptin in Bovine Preadipocytes

Hormonal and nutrient signals regulate leptin synthesis and secretion. In rodents, leptin is stored in cytosolic pools of adipocytes. However, not much information is available regarding the regulation of intracellular leptin in ruminants. Recently, we demonstrated that leptin mRNA was expressed in bovine intramuscular preadipocyte cells (BIP cells) and that a cytoplasmic leptin pool may be present in preadipocytes. In the present study, we investigated the expression of cytoplasmic leptin protein in BIP cells during differentiation as well as the effects of various factors added to the differentiation medium on its expression in BIP cells. Leptin mRNA expression was observed only at 6 and 8 days after adipogenic induction, whereas the cytoplasmic leptin concentration was the highest on day 0 and decreased gradually thereafter. Cytoplasmic leptin was detected at 6 and 8 days after adipogenic induction, but not at 4 days after adipogenic induction. The cytoplasmic leptin concentration was reduced in BIP cells at 4 days after treatment with dexamethasone, whereas cytoplasmic leptin was not observed at 8 days after treatment. In contrast, acetate significantly enhanced the cytoplasmic leptin concentration in BIP cells at 8 days after treatment, although acetate alone did not induce adipocyte differentiation in BIP cells. These results suggest that dexamethasone and acetate modulate the cytoplasmic leptin concentration in bovine preadipocytes

Real-time identification method of driver model with steering manipulation

This study proposes a method for real-time identification of a driver model. The proposed method requires only the yaw rate sensor, the steering angle sensor, and velocity sensors that are usually installed in the production car. The identification algorithm involves the division of the recorded data, prefiltering of the divided data, estimation of the driver\u27s desired response, and identification. The prefilter extracts the driver\u27s involuntary response that can be modelled in a simple form. The ideal car response that the driver attempts to track is estimated from the recorded data, and this response is provided to the identification algorithm of the feedback driver model for error tracking. These newly developed methods enable real-time identification under actual driving conditions. The driving simulator experiments and the actual driving tests were performed, and the proposed method was validated. The results show that the time history of the variation in the driver\u27s characteristics can be realised in real time using the proposed method. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC