Mud volcanoes and ice-keel ploughmarks, Beaufort Sea shelf, Arctic Canada

The shallow shelf waters of the Beaufort Sea have experienced marine transgression during the Holocene (Hill et al. 1985; Taylor et al. 2013). This has led to a warming of what was terrestrial permafrost by water incursion, and to the dissociation of subsurface gas hydrates which now vent into marine waters. Accompanying this change is the development of conical submarine landforms produced through the extrusion of sediments, combined with the continuing reworking of the seafloor by the ploughing action of the keels of drifting ice (Fig. 1).This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the Geological Society of London via https://doi.org/10.1144/M46.10

Barriers to academic help-seeking: the relationship with gender-typed attitudes

In recent years, male students at UK schools and universities have been falling behind their female peers in academic achievement. Previous studies have shown that male students are less likely than female students to seek academic help, but have not investigated the relationship between gender-typical attitudes and reluctance to seek academic help. In the present study, 162 students at six UK universities completed the Help-Seeking Scales and the Traditional Gender Script Questionnaire. Data from this survey were analysed using MANOVA and multilple linear regression. The main findings were that reluctance to seek help was predicted by higher scores on the masculine gender script subscale Mastery and Control of feelings for both male (β =.448, p <.01) and female students (β = .497, p < .001). For male participants, being a Fighter and a Winner also predicted reluctance to seek help (β = −.322, p < .05) whereas, for female students, greater help-seeking was associated with more interest in creating Family Harmony (β = −.272, p < .05). These findings suggest that the help-seeking behaviour of both male and female students is related to specific gender-typical attitudes. We suggest that awareness of these attitudes can serve to inform educational practice by facilitating access to academic assistance and encouraging all students to seek academic help

The chromosome 6q22.33 region is associated with age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and disease risk in those diagnosed under 5 years of age

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The genetic risk of type 1 diabetes has been extensively studied. However, the genetic determinants of age at diagnosis (AAD) of type 1 diabetes remain relatively unexplained. Identification of AAD genes and pathways could provide insight into the earliest events in the disease process. METHODS: Using ImmunoChip data from 15,696 cases, we aimed to identify regions in the genome associated with AAD. RESULTS: Two regions were convincingly associated with AAD (p  0.001), the SNP most associated with AAD, rs72975913, was associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in those individuals diagnosed at less than 5 years old (p = 2.3 × 10(-9)). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: PTPRK and its neighbour THEMIS are required for early development of the thymus, which we can assume influences the initiation of autoimmunity. Non-HLA genes may only be detectable as risk factors for the disease in individuals diagnosed under the age 5 years because, after that period of immune development, their role in disease susceptibility has become redundant.CW is funded by the Wellcome Trust (WT107881) and the Medical Research Council (MC_UP_1302/5). LB was supported by the Alan Turing Institute under the EPSRC grant EP/N510129/1

Shells from the shoreline - a new perspective on changing Lake Tanganyika

On-line, freely available from zenodoUsing past records to provide context and guidance in a changing world. Overwhelming evidence shows that ecological, evolutionary and earth system processes have been profoundly altered by humans, and will continue to be altered for millennia to come. But, what was life like before human impacts and what processes brought us into the Anthropocene epoch? The rapidly growing field of Conservation Paleobiology uses fossil and historical records to provide valuable context and guidance to conservation of life on Earth. This symposium was organised by Aaron O'Dea, Daniele Scarponi, Laura Airoldi & Paolo Albano. It brought over 80 students and researchers together to provide an informal venue for lively talks and a chance to meet old and new colleagues.This is an open access publication. See https://zenodo.org/record/3663054#.XmDu-aj7QdU for further details

Neogene history of fluvial to shallow marine successions in the Kendari Basin, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia

Collision between Australia and SE Asia began in Sulawesi, the world's eleventh-largest island, in the Early Miocene and subsequently Neogene sediments were deposited largely in coastal to shelf environments throughout the island. These sediments have been assigned to the Celebes Molasse, previously considered as a single post-orogenic unit deposited unconformably on pre-Neogene sedimentary, metamorphic and ophiolitic rocks. The most complete and extensive sequences of Neogene sediments are in the Kendari Basin, situated at the southern end of the SE Arm of Sulawesi, where an outcrop-based sedimentological study was undertaken to interpret depositional environments, palaeogeography and stratigraphy. The oldest Neogene sediments are shallow marine carbonates and deltaic siliciclastics of the Bungku Formation. They are unconformably overlain by the Upper Miocene Pandua Formation which consists of sediments deposited in a variety of environments including braided river channels, fluvio-tidal channels, tidal flats, mouth bar complex and shoreface deposits. A Mio-Pliocene subaerial unconformity separates the marginal marine serpentinite-rich sediments of the Pandua Formation from the overlying fluviatile quartz-rich Langkowala Formation. The sediments of the lower part of the Langkowala Formation include conglomeratic channel fill, while the sediments of the upper part are transgressive deposits decreasing in maximum grain-size, marked by a reduction in channel/overbank ratio and increasing tidal influence. The transgressive Pliocene Eemoiko Formation is characterised by transgressive lags or onlap shell beds and deposits of a landwards-backstepping carbonate platform. The improved understanding of the Kendari Basin will aid the interpretation of the sedimentation history of frontier basins surrounding SE Sulawesi, many of which have not yet been drilled

Canyons and slides on the continental slope seaward of a shallow bank, Labrador margin, eastern Canada

The ~ 200 km-wide Labrador continental shelf consists of a series of shallow banks and intervening cross-shelf troughs (Fig. 1b). Glacial reconstructions suggest that the banks were occupied by slow-flowing ice and the troughs by ice-streams during several Quaternary glaciations (Dyke et al. 2002; Josenhans et al. 1986; Margold et al. 2015). On the continental slope offshore of the Makkovik Bank - southern Hopedale Saddle region, several submarine canyons and interfluves with numerous sediment destabilisation features are visible in multibeam data (Fig. 1a).This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Geological Society of London via https://doi.org/10.1144/M46.13

CHiCP: a web-based tool for the integrative and interactive visualization of promoter capture Hi-C datasets.

UNLABELLED: Promoter capture Hi-C (PCHi-C) allows the genome-wide interrogation of physical interactions between distal DNA regulatory elements and gene promoters in multiple tissue contexts. Visual integration of the resultant chromosome interaction maps with other sources of genomic annotations can provide insight into underlying regulatory mechanisms. We have developed Capture HiC Plotter (CHiCP), a web-based tool that allows interactive exploration of PCHi-C interaction maps and integration with both public and user-defined genomic datasets. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: CHiCP is freely accessible from www.chicp.org and supports most major HTML5 compliant web browsers. Full source code and installation instructions are available from http://github.com/D-I-L/django-chicp CONTACT: [email protected] is the published version. It first appeared at http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/04/26/bioinformatics.btw173

The origin and diversification of pteropods precede past perturbations in the Earth’s carbon cycle

Open AccessPteropods are a group of planktonic gastropods that are widely regarded as biological indicators for assessing the impacts of ocean acidification. Their aragonitic shells are highly sensitive to acute changes in ocean chemistry. However, to gain insight into their potential to adapt to current climate change, we need to accurately reconstruct their evolutionary history and assess their responses to past changes in the Earth’s carbon cycle. Here, we resolve the phylogeny and timing of pteropod evolution with a phylogenomic dataset (2,654 genes) incorporating new data for 21 pteropod species and revised fossil evidence. In agreement with traditional taxonomy, we recovered molecular support for a division between “sea butterflies” (Thecosomata; mucus-web feeders) and “sea angels” (Gymnosomata; active predators). Molecular dating demonstrated that these two lineages diverged in the early Cretaceous, and that all main pteropod clades, including shelled, partially-shelled, and unshelled groups, diverged in the mid- to late Cretaceous. Hence, these clades originated prior to and subsequently survived major global change events, including the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the closest analog to modern-day ocean acidification and warming. Our findings indicate that planktonic aragonitic calcifiers have shown resilience to perturbations in the Earth’s carbon cycle over evolutionary timescales.Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY)

The DEMS-DOSS study: validating a delirium monitoring tool in hospitalised older adults

Objective: to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and test–retest reliability of the Delirium Early Monitoring System-Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DEMS-DOSS). Design: prospective diagnostic accuracy study of a convenience sample of admitted older adults with DEMS-DOSS and reference standard assessments. Setting: 60-bed aged care precinct at a metropolitan hospital in Sydney, Australia. Participants: 156 patients (aged ≥65 years old) were recruited to participate between April 2018 and March 2020. One hundred participants were included in the analysis. Measurements: Participants were scored on the DEMS-DOSS. Trained senior aged care nurses conducted a standardised clinical interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM)-IV delirium criteria, within two hours of DEMS-DOSS completion. The senior aged care nurse undertaking the DSM-IV interview was blinded to the results of the DEMS-DOSS. Results: Participants’ mean age was 84 (SD ±7.3) years and 39% (n = 39) had a documented diagnosis of dementia. Delirium was detected in 38% (n = 38) according to the reference standard. The DEMS-DOSS had a sensitivity of 76.3% and a specificity of 75.8% for delirium. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for delirium was 0.76. The test–retest reliability of the DEMS-DOSS was found to be high (r = 0.915). Conclusion: DEMS-DOSS is a sensitive and specific tool to assist with monitoring new onset and established delirium in hospitalised older adults. Further studies are required to evaluate the impact of the monitoring tool on health outcomes