MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION RELATED TO THE EFFECTS OF DLBS3233 TREATMENT IN DIFFERENTIATION OF 3T3-L1 PRE-ADIPOCYTE

Objective: DLBS3233 is a standardized extract combination containing Lagerstroemia speciosa and Cinnamomum burmannii. The effect of DLBS3233 on adipocyte differentiation was examined in this study.Methods: 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte was used to investigate gene expression using the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Oil red-O staining for detecting lipid formation was also carried out in this experiment.Results: DLBS3233 caused cell differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes into adipocytes which were indicated by positive results on staining cells with oil red-O on day 6 of the differentiation process. Analysis of gene expressions associated with adipogenesis (C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, C/EBP-δ, FASn and adiponectin) showed an increase compared to control. In this study, DLBS3233 at a concentration of 5 μg/ml exhibited better differentiation effect than DLBS3233 at a concentration of 10 μg/ml.Conclusion: DLBS3233 can stimulate differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes into adipocytes.Keywords: DLBS3233, Adipogenesis, Gene expression analysis, Real-time RT-PC

A study on influencers of total sales revenue of generic pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia

This paper empirically examines the influence of firms’ one-year lagged of total new products (t-1), one-year lagged profitability (t-1), and market share of new products to firms’ amount of sales revenue in pharmaceutical generic companies in Indonesia. The data used in this study was panel dataset, gathered from six large pharmaceutical generic companies in Indonesia, during the period 2006 to 2010. The regression analysis method uses fixed effect models, with generalized least squares (GLS) method. The result shows that firms’ one-year lagged of total new product (t-1), one-year lagged profitability (t-1), and market share of new products to be positive and affect significantly the firms’ sales revenue in the pharmaceutical generic companies in Indonesia.Pharmaceutical Generic Companies, Profitability, New Generic Product, Market Share, Sales Revenue

Pengaruh Perendaman Infused Water dan Penyikatan Gigi Terhadap Kekasaran Permukaan Semen Ionomer Kaca Modifikasi Resin

Resin modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC) is a restorative dental material developed in 1967. The surface roughness of this restorative materials cause plaque accumulation which lead to quality degradation and brittleness of restoration.  The aim of this research is to determine the effect of infused water immersion with brushing against the surface roughness changes of RMGIC. Forty samples (6mm diameter, 4mm thickness) were divided into 4 groups: group A light-cured RMGIC and group B self-cured RMGIC were soaked in 100mL of mineral water for 15 days, group C light-cured RMGIC and group D self-cured RMGIC were soaked in 100Ml infused water for 5 minutes and replaced by mineral water for 5 minutes repeated 20 times each day in 15 days. The samples were brushed for 2 minutes before and after immersion. Samples roughness were tested before and after treatment  using a surface roughness tester.  The surface roughness of  group A was 1,28±0,49µm (before) 3.24±1.18µm (after), group B 0.52±0.23µm (before) 2.76±0.55µm (after), group C 1.87±0.45µm (before) 4.26±2.36µm (after), and group D 0.88±0.53µm (before) 4.01±1.09µm (after). Statistical analytics using t-test showed a significant difference in surface roughness value between before and after treatment, but no significant difference in the increase value of roughness after soaked in infused water between self-curing and light-curing RMGIC

Pengaruh Nanofilled Resin Coating terhadap Kekasaran Permukaan Semen Ionomer Kaca

One of the restorative dental materials that is continuously developed is Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC). The aim of this research is to know whether there is influence of nanofilled resin coating application on GIC to reduce surface roughness. In this study GIC type II (EQUIA Forte, GC, Japan) was used to be mechanically manipulated and inserted into a mold which produced a sample of 6.0±0.3 mm in diameter and 3.0±0.2 mm in height. GIC samples were divided into 2 groups namely 10 GIC samples were not coated with nanofilled resin coating as control group and 10 GIC samples were coated with nanofilled resin coating as treatment group. GIC samples were tested immediately and then immersed in sterile distilled water in a 37°C incubator. After 24 hours, GIC samples were surface roughness tested using a Surface Roughness Tester. Then all samples were brushed using a soft bristle mechanical tooth brush for 1 hour. After brushing, the sample is tested for final surface roughness. The results showed an increase in surface roughness in non-coated group/control (0.005 ± 0,328mm) and coated group (0.015±0.240 mm). Statistical data analysis using unpaired t test showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the increasing of surface roughness between control group and treatment group. It can be concluded that application of nanofilled resin coating to GIC cannot reduce the roughness of GIC surface

Mechanical Properties of Giomer After Immersion in Carbonated Drinks

  Introduction: Giomer is a resin-based restorative material consisting of prereacted glass ionomer (PRG) filler which can release fluoride. Carbonated beverages, popular beverages which contain acids that rich in H+ ions, can diffuse into the resin-based restoration and cause high solubility. Objective: To analyze the effect of immersion in carbonated drinks on water absorption and diametral tensile strength of giomer. Methods: Giomer was packed into a stainless-steel mold to obtain sample with diameter of 6.0±0.03mm and height of 3.0±0.09mm. The samples were divided into 2 groups for water absorption test and 3 groups for diametrical tensile strength test. Ten samples of giomer were soaked in artificial saliva for 4 days as a control group, 10 giomer samples were immersed in carbonated drinks for 6 hours, then replaced with artificial saliva for 18 hours and repeated for 4 days as a treatment group, and 10 samples of giomer were used as immediate group for direct diametral tensile strength test. Samples were incubated at 37°C. Results: Mann-Whitney test showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in giomer absorption between the control group (0.99±0.54%) and the treatment group (2.37±2.62%). One Way ANOVA test showed significant difference (p<0.05) in giomer diametral tensile strength among the immediate group (29.6±3.7MPa), the control group (51.1±3.9MPa) and the treatment group (44.8±5.3MPa). Conclusion: Immersion in carbonated beverages did not show significant difference with artificial saliva for the water absorption ability of giomer. However, the diametral tensile strength of giomer decreased after immersion in carbonated beverages for 24 hours

Production of secondary metabolite E2.2 from Phaleria macrocarpa endophytic fungus

AbstractObjectiveTo isolate new endophytic fungus from Phaleria macrocarpa (P. macrocarpa) that is able to produce E2.2 compound.MethodsEndophytic fungi were isolated from P. macrocarpa. Morphological and molecular identification was done to determine the species of the endophytic fungus. High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the ability of this fungus to produce E2.2 compound and to quantify the total yield of E2.2 from fungal fermentation. Fermentation process was optimized by observing suitable medium, pH and length of fermentation process. Phloroglucinol and gallic acid addition were examined to determine the effect of each compound on E2.2 production.ResultsOne endophytic fungus was successfully isolated from P. macrocarpa plant. Morphological and molecular identification showed that it was a Colletotrichum gloeosporioides which belonged to Glomerellaceae family. This fungus showed highest production of E2.2 when incubated in potato dextrose broth with initial pH value of the medium at 5, and was incubated for 15 days. Phloroglucinol was found to better enhance E2.2 production.ConclusionsColletotrichum gloeosporioides found in P. macrocarpa plant is promising as a potential alternative source of E2.2

A ROLE FOR PHALERIA MACROCARPA (SCHEFF) BOERL. EXTRACTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF WOMEN'S PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: A RESEARCH REVIEW

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl is a medicinal plant that originates from West Papua, Indonesia. The fruit of this plant is known to contain numerous different compounds that produce different bioactivities. Many of these bioactivities are related to women pathological conditions. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effect of P. macrocarpa fruit extract in the management of these conditions. Different studies have proven that P. macrocarpa extract helps regulate hormone imbalance in women with problems relating to their menstruation cycle, especially during premenstrual syndrome. It helps alleviate symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea and endometriosis through its bioactivity as anti-inflammation, apoptosis inducer, anti-angiogenic and anti-oxidant agent. P. macrocarpa fruit extract also showed selective anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activity on breast and cervical cancer cells. It regulates cancer cell progression through numerous different pathways, making it highly favourable to be developed as a cancer treatment, whether as a single treatment or as an adjunct therapy. In conclusion, P. macrocarpa extract has great potential to be developed into treatments for women's pathological conditions. However, further study, both preclinical and clinical studies are needed to ascertain its use in women to be effective and safe

SOLID-STATE PROPERTIES AND SOLUBILITY STUDIES OF NOVEL PHARMACEUTICAL COCRYSTAL OF ITRACONAZOLE

Objective: Pharmaceutical cocrystal is a promising method to improve the solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Itraconazole (ITZ) is a BCS class II antifungal drug with poor aqueous solubility, therefore an attempt was made to improve the solubility of ITZ using cocrystallization technique. In this work, six novel pharmaceutical cocrystals of ITZ with various coformers, including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA), trans-cinnamic acid (TCA), suberic acid (SUB), sebacic acid (SBC), 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (1H2N), and benzamide (BZD) were prepared.Methods: ITZ cocrystals was prepared by solvent evaporation process. The cocrystals produced were characterized using powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Solubility analysis was performed to evaluate the cocrystals.Results: PXRD and DSC analysis revealed that the pattern of all ITZ cocrystals was distinguishable from the individual compounds which indicates the formation of new phase. The solubility of ITZ and its cocrystals from highest to lowest after 24 h in 0.1 N HCl solution (pH 1.2) follows the order ITZ-TCA (1.97-fold), ITZ-SBC (1.09-fold), ITZ, ITZ-1H2N (0.58-fold) and ITZ-4HBA (0.46-fold).Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the selection of coformers has pronounced an impact on the physicochemical properties of ITZ. Based on this study, it can be concluded that cocrystallization offers a valuable way to improve the solubility of ITZ

HEMOSTASIS PROFILE AND CLINICAL OUTCOME OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE PATIENTS TREATED WITH ORAL LUMBROKINASE DLBS1033: A COMPARATIVE STUDY VERSUS ASPIRIN AND CLOPIDOGREL

Objectives: This clinical study was conducted to determine the hemostasis profile and clinical outcome of acute ischemic stroke patients treated withDLBS1033 in comparison with aspirin or clopidogrel. DLBS1033 is a proprietary bioactive protein fraction derived from the earthworms (Lumbricusrubellus) that possesses both fibrinolytic and antithrombotic properties.Methods: This was a 3-arm, parallel, randomized, controlled, open-label, blinded-evaluation study involving 126 acute ischemic stroke patients. Eachsubject received any of the following study medication within 96 hrs after the stroke onset: Aspirin 80 mg daily (Group 1), or clopidogrel 75 mg dail(Group 2), DLBS1033 490 mg 3 times daily (Group 3), for 90 days. Hemostasis parameters evaluated were prothrombin time (PT), activated partialthromboplastin time (aPTT), and international normalized ratio (INR), while the clinical outcomes were measured using Gadjah Mada Stroke Scale(SSGM) and Barthel index (BI).Results: Baseline characteristics, including the hemostasis and clinical profiles, were comparable between groups. At the end of the study, PT, aPTTand INR values were not significantly different between groups, which were all within the normal ranges. There was a significant improvement of BIas well as SSGM from baseline in each group. The improvement size of BI was found similar between groups (p=0.098). However, a significantly betterimprovement of SSGM was observed in those received DLBS1033 (6.98±4.90; p=0.001 vs. aspirin [3.74±3.66], p=0.006 vs. clopidogrel [4.26±4.21]).Conclusion: It was concluded that DLBS1033 provided a safe hemostasis profile (PT, aPTT, and INR) comparable to that of aspirin or clopidogrel inischemic stroke patients. Treatment with DLBS1033 improved clinical outcomes indicated by the BI and SSGM, and the improvement size of SSGM waseven better than that of aspirin or clopidogrel treatment.Keywords: Acute ischemic stroke, Barthel index, DLBS1033, Hemostasis, Gadjah Mada Stroke Scale, Oral lumbrokinase

The Correlation between Mandibular Condyle Shape and Temporomandibular Joint Conditions in Adult Females

  Introduction: Conditions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are affected by changes in movement and load during the joint’s function, which can cause morphological changes in hard tissues, such as the condyle. Panoramic radiographs can provide an indication of changes in hard tissues in TMJ. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether there was any correlation between mandibular condyle shapes as seen on panoramic radiographs and TMJ conditions in adult female participants. Methods: The participants of this study were 75 adult female patients who underwent a panoramic radiograph examination conducted at the Maranatha Dental Hospital Radiology Unit. The patients were clinically examined based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Clinical Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC/TMD) questionnaire and also their panoramic radiographs. The data from the patients were categorized into four groups according to the RDC/TMD: normal, muscle disorders, disc displacement, and other joint diseases. Next, the radiographs were analyzed by two observers to determine the condyle shapes. Condyle shapes were classified into four groups: ovoid, flat, erosion, and osteophyte. Result: This study showed that of 75 patients, the right TMJ was normal in 34 patients, 2 patients had muscle disorders, 24 demonstrated disc displacement, and 15 had other joint diseases. For the left side of the TMJ, 22 radiographs were normal, 2 revealed muscle disorders, 35 identified disc displacement, and 16 showed other joint diseases. There was a strong agreement between the two observers in determining the right (κ=0.681) and left condyle shapes (κ=0.652). All participants’ findings indicated that condyle shapes and TMJ conditions are highly correlated for both the right (η2=0.889) and left condyle (η2=0.762). Conclusion: This study concluded that mandibular condyle shapes seen on panoramic radiographs and TMJ conditions in adult female participants were highly correlated