G-Code Controlled 2D Robotic Plotter

2D Robotic Plotter is implemented based on the principle of Computer Numeric Control (CNC). Normally,Computer Aided Design software (CAD) can be used as the replacement for manual drafting with an automated process. A 2D Robotic Plotter basically works with two stepped motors and a Servo motor with the control of ATMEGA168p Microcontroller. In our proposed methodology an ARDUINO IDE platform controls the Motor Driver Shield (L293D) for the movement of the pen in the x and y direction to the rotation in stepper motors. The servo motor is used for raising and lowering the pen in vertical directions. Ink-scape and G-Code is used for converting the drawing into control signals used by Microcontroller. In Ink-scape (0.48.5)is an open source software that binds the program along with the diagram for the efficient plotting. Also G-code is a numeric control programming language which is used mainly in computer aided manufacturing to control automated machine tools. The2D robotic plotter is a low cost embedded equivalent CNC controller and can be widely used in areas where the accuracy is considered

Vehicle Collision Avoidance System Using Li-Fi

In recent times, large numbers of road accidents occurring all over the world are mainly due to collisions between vehicles. More than 1.2 million peoples were died in road accidents in 2019, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Human safety features are much needed in the manufacturing of vehicles. The proposed method mainly focuses on reducing the number of accidents in our daily lives by avoiding collision between the vehicles. There are several factors corresponding to such difficult conditions that may results in death or disabilities. The causes are sudden loss of concentration of the driver, braking failure and stability issues. These criteria can be reduced only if there is a possibility for communication between the vehicles and the drivers in order to avoid accidents. There are various vehicular communication system models like Dedicated Short Range Communication and Vehicular Ad-Hoc network operating less than 5.9 GHz. These radio frequency based communication also has some limitations such as interference, congested spectrum and security. These drawbacks can be reduced by implementing the Visible Light Communication (VLC) in vehicles. It provides larger bandwidth, security, interference immunity, and high data rate. High speed data transmission and reception can be achieved using visible light based data communication system. This technology is known as Light Fidelity (Li-Fi). This chapter presents the innovative method to evade collision between two vehicles (rear and front). This communication system is cost effective with high speed data rate capabilities