Perspectives Concerning SARS-CoV-2 Transmission for the Application of the Livestock Breeding

Viral transmission between animals and humans has been defined as Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis. The vaccine has been claimed to be the best tool to prevent viral epidemics. However, as learned from SARSCoV-2, vaccines cannot be the true answer to prevent viral infection for everyone. Some vaccinated persons are still reported to get infected. Viral mutation has been principally postulated to explain immune evasion. Questionable, why the mutated viral strain does not evade the immunity of everyone who has been vaccinated? Mutated viral strains cause various symptoms, nonsymptomatic to morbidity and mortality, in different individuals with more or less the same ratio as the original SARS-CoV-2. Approximately, 25-35% of the SARSCoV-2 detected individuals are asymptomatic, while 15- 20% developed severity and about 2-5% have critical symptoms [1,2]. Logically, the viral mutation could keep mutating in any part of its genome. The new variant might maintain infectivity in the same person and might develop to infect another person who once has not been susceptible to the original strain. Thus, the dynamics of viral infection could change from time to time. This requires a better explanation to lead us in the right direction to prevent the emergent virus either now or in the future

Inducible viral receptor, A possible concept to induce viral protection in primitive immune animals

A pseudolysogen (PL) is derived from the lysogenic Vibrio harveyi (VH) which is infected with the VHS1 (Vibrio harveyi Siphoviridae-like 1) bacteriophage. The lysogenic Vibrio harveyi undergoes an unequivalent division of the extra-chromosomal VHS1 phage genome and its VH host chromosome and produces a true lysogen (TL) and pseudolysogen (PL). The PL is tolerant to super-infection of VHS1, as is of the true lysogen (TL), but the PL does not contain the VHS1 phage genome while the TL does. However, the PL can become susceptible to VHS1 phage infection if the physiological state of the PL is changed. It is postulated that this is due to a phage receptor molecule which can be inducible to an on-and-off regulation influence by an alternating condition of the bacterial host cell. This characteristic of the PL leads to speculate that this phenomenon can also occur in high organisms with low immunity such as shrimp. This article proposes a hypothesis that the viral receptor molecule on the target cell can play a crucial role in which the invertebrate aquaculture animals can become tolerant to viral infection. A possible mechanism may be that the target cell disrupts the viral receptor molecule to prevent super infection. This concept can explain a mechanism for the prevention of viral infection in invertebrate animals which do not have acquired immunity in response to pathogens. It can guide us to develop a mechanism of immunity to viral infection in low-evolved-immune animals. Also, it can be an additional mechanism that exists in high immune organism, as in human for the prevention of viral infectio