24 research outputs found
An Analysis of Thickness-shear Vibrations of an Annular Plate with the Mindlin Plate Equations
The Mindlin plate equations with the consideration of thickness-shear
deformation as an independent variable have been used for the analysis of
vibrations of quartz crystal resonators of both rectangular and circular types.
The Mindlin or Lee plate theories that treat thickness-shear deformation as an
independent higher-order vibration mode in a coupled system of two-dimensional
variables are the choice of theory for analysis. For circular plates, we
derived the Mindlin plate equations in a systematic manner as demonstrated by
Mindlin and others and obtained the truncated two-dimensional equations of
closely coupled modes in polar coordinates. We simplified the equations for
vibration modes in the vicinity of fundamental thickness-shear frequency and
validated the equations and method. To explore newer structures of quartz
crystal resonators, we utilized the Mindlin plate equations for the analysis of
annular plates with fixed inner and free outer edges for frequency spectra. The
detailed analysis of vibrations of circular plates for the normalized frequency
versus dimensional parameters provide references for optimal selection of
parameters based on the principle of strong thickness-shear mode and minimal
presence of other modes to enhance energy trapping through maintaining the
strong and pure thickness-shear vibrations insensitive to some complication
factors such as thermal and initial stresses.Comment: Paper to be presented to the 2015 IEEE International Frequency
Control Symposium and European Frequency and Time Forum, Denver, CO, USA.
April 12-16, 201
Multi-color optical monitoring of the quasar 3C 273 from 2005 to 2016
We have monitored the quasar 3C 273 in optical , and bands from
2005 to 2016. Intraday variability (IDV) is detected on seven nights. The
variability amplitudes for most of nights are less than 10\% and four nights
more than 20\%. When considering the nights with time spans hours, the
value of duty cycle (DC) is 14.17 per cent. Over the twelve years, the overall
magnitude and color index variabilities are ,
, , and
respectively. The largest clear IDV has an
amplitude of 42% over just 5.8 minutes and the weakest detected IDV is 5.4%
over 175 minutes. The BWB (bluer when brighter) chromatic trend is dominant for
3C 273 and appears at different flux levels on intraday timescales. The BWB
trend exists for short-term timescales and intermediate-term timescales but
different timescales have different correlations. There is no BWB trend for our
whole time-series data sets. A significant anti-correlation between BWB trend
and length of timescales is found. Combining with -band data from previous
works, we find a possible quasi-periodicity of days. The
possible explanations for the observed variability, BWB chromatic trend and
periodicity are discussed.Comment: 63 pages, 11 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Thickness-shear Vibration Frequencies of an Infinite Plate with a Generalized Material Property Grading along the Thickness
For quartz crystal resonators of thickness-shear type, the vibration
frequency and mode shapes, which are key features of resonators in circuit
applications, reflect the basic material and structural properties of the
quartz plate and its variation with time under various factors such as erosive
gases and liquids that can cause surface and internal damages and degradation
of crystal blanks. The accumulated effects eventually will change the surface
conditions in terms of elastic constants and stiffness and more importantly,
the gradient of such properties along the thickness. This is a typical
functionally graded materials (FGM) structure and has been studied extensively
for structural applications under multiple loadings such as thermal and
electromagnetic fields in recent years. For acoustic wave resonators, such
studies are equally important and the wave propagation in FGM structures can be
used in the evaluation and assessment of performance, reliability, and life of
sensors based on acoustic waves such as the quartz crystal microbalances (QCM).
Now we studied the thickness-shear vibrations of FGM plates with properties of
AT-cut quartz crystal varying along the thickness in a general pattern
represented by a trigonometric function with both sine and cosine functions of
the thickness coordinate. The solutions are obtained by using Fourier expansion
of the plate deformation. We also obtained the frequency changes of the
fundamental and overtone modes which are strongly coupled for the evaluation of
resonator structures with property variation or design to take advantages of
FGM in novel applications.Comment: Paper for the proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Frequency
Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum, Denver, CO, USA.
April 12-16, 201
Effects of Surgery on Prognosis of Young Women With Operable Breast Cancer in Different Marital Statuses: A Population-Based Cohort Study
BackgroundThe influence of surgical approaches [including mastectomy, breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and post-mastectomy breast reconstruction (PMBR) on prognosis of young women (<40 years old) with operable breast cancer has not been determined yet, and this might vary in patients with different marital statuses. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of surgery on survival outcomes for young women with operable breast cancer in different marital statuses.MethodsWe used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to identify young women with operable breast cancer between 2004 and 2016, who underwent mastectomy, BCT or PMBR. We assessed overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) using the Kaplan–Meier method and hazard ratios using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression.ResultsCompared to mastectomy, both of BCT and PMBR conferred better OS (BCT: HR = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.69–0.90, p <0.001; PMBR: HR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.63–0.78, p <0.001) and BCSS (BCT: HR = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.69–0.91, p = 0.001; PMBR: HR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.65–0.81, p <0.001), but there was no significant difference of survival between BCT and PMBR group. The survival benefit of BCT compared to mastectomy remained significant in unmarried young women (OS: HR = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.55–0.83, p <0.001; BCSS: HR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.56–0.86, p = 0.001) but not in the married (OS: HR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.75–1.05, p = 0.177; BCSS: HR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.75–1.05, p = 0.161), while no matter married or not, PMBR group had better OS and BCSS than mastectomy group but not BCT group.ConclusionBoth of BCT and PMBR had improved survival compared to mastectomy for young women with operable breast cancer. The survival benefit of BCT compared to mastectomy remained significant in unmarried patients but not in married patients
The Connection between Buddhist Temples, the Landscape, and Monarchical Power: A Comparison between Tuoba Hong (471–499) from the Northern Wei Dynasty and Li Shimin (626–649) from the Tang Dynasty
Since the Western Jin period, Buddhism has confronted bureaucratic power within the architectural landscape. In this study, historical records and archaeological reports of two Buddhist temples—the Siyuan Temple 思遠佛寺 built during the reign of Tuoba Hong 拓跋宏 and Emperor Xiaowen 孝文帝 of the Northern Wei dynasty, and the Zhaoren Temple 昭仁寺, built during the reign of Li Shimin 李世民 and Emperor Taizong 唐太宗 of the Tang dynasty—were examined. A comparison was made of the two temples’ geographic locations in relation to cities while considering period-specific phenomena. This study also considers mountains, water, and topographical features. The geographic information reflects differences in the ideas of the ruling class and monarchs of the two historical periods. The findings are that both Buddhist temples were close to the capital and both emperors demonstrated the supremacy of their power by building them. Therefore, the religious landscape owes its formation, development, and underlying significance to emperors and social groups