Research developments in carbon materials based sensors for determination of hormones

Various carbon-based sensors (graphene, carbon nanotubes, graphite, pencil graphite, glassy carbon, etc.) have distinctive behavior and a broad range of importance for identifying sex hormones like estriol, estradiol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone. The current review emphasizes voltammetric, amperometric, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic methods for detecting some of these hormones. The existence, structural aspects, nature, and biological importance of each hormone were analyzed in detail and their analysis with different electroanalytical methods was considered. Unique methodologies and innovations of electrochemical sensors for hormones based on carbon materials modified by different agents were examined. In this review, the interaction among various sensor materials and analytes in different supporting electrolyte media is premeditated. The most important significances of the electroanalytical methodologies were discussed based on sensor selectivity, sensitivity, stability, the limit of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility

Research developments in carbon materials based sensors for determination of hormones

Various carbon-based sensors (graphene, carbon nanotubes, graphite, pencil graphite, glassy carbon, etc.) have distinctive behavior and a broad range of importance for identifying sex hormones like estriol, estradiol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone. The current review emphasizes voltammetric, amperometric, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic methods for detecting some of these hormones. The existence, structural aspects, nature, and biological importance of each hormone were analyzed in detail and their analysis with different electroanalytical methods was considered. Unique methodologies and innovations of electrochemical sensors for hormones based on carbon materials modified by different agents were examined. In this review, the interaction among various sensor materials and analytes in different supporting electrolyte media is premeditated. The most important significances of the electroanalytical methodologies were discussed based on sensor selectivity, sensitivity, stability, the limit of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility

Poly (DL-valine) electro-polymerized carbon nanotube paste sensor for determination of antihistamine drug cetirizine

Poly (DL-valine) modified multiwalled carbon nanotube paste sensor (PVLMCNTPS) was prepared by electro-polymerization route. PVLMCNTPS and bare multiwalled carbon nanotube paste sensor (BMCNTPS) morphologies and sensing properties for cetirizine (CTZ) were confirmed through a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and electrochemical studies, respectively. In contrast to BMCNTPS, PVLMCNTPS surface composite creates an electrocatalytic impact on the oxidation of CTZ. PVLMCNTPS properties were optimized using parameters such as accumulation time, number of polymerization cycles, solution pH, and scan rate. The optimized PVLMCNTPS was applied for the determination of cetirizine in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.0, using cyclic voltammetry (CV). It is shown that PVLMCNTPS provided analytical linearity from 2.0 to 80 µM, with a detection limit of 0.11 µM for CTZ determination. PVLMCNTPS is found highly selective for CTZ in presence of some interfering organic molecules. The stable and selective PVLMCNTPS was applied for CTZ determination in pharmaceutical pills with satisfactory results

Successful management of peripapillary choroidal neovascular membrane secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension with intravitreal ranibizumab

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a common cause of papilledema in young females and causes headache with transient visual loss. Severe visual loss occurs due to optic atrophy or peripapillary choroidal neovascular membrane (PCNVM). PCNVM in IIH has an incidence of 0.5% with a benign course in the majority of patients. Intravitreal Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents have anecdotally been used to manage these patients, with complete resolution reported in all cases after a single injection. Our case of IIH-associated PCNVM was treated with three injections of intravitreal ranibizumab with no recurrence at 6-month follow-up

Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (I-OCT) assisted passage of the encircling element during retinal detachment surgery

Objective: To describe the role of microscope integrated optical tomography (Mi-OCT) in passage of the encircling element during retinal detachment surgery.Materials and methods: Mi-OCT was switched on while passing scleral anchoring sutures to secure the encircling element. The depth of the suture tract was seen in real time while the needle was passed through the sclera. The amount of scleral intend achieved was assessed using Mi-OCT at the end of the surgery.Results: The depth of needle tract through the sclera and the amount of scleral indentation achieved while tying the sutures could be successfully analyzed using Mi-OCT.Conclusion: Mi-OCT can be used as an adjunct while training vitreoretinal fellows and trainees in surgical procedures like passage of scleral sutures for anchoring the encircling element