82 research outputs found
Chinese sports policy and globalisation: the case of the Olympic movement, elite football and elite basketball
This thesis seeks to analyse to what extent, in what ways and with what success does
the Chinese government seek to manage its interaction with sport globalisation in
Olympic Movement, football and basketball? Held et al's (1999) conceptualisation of
globalisation provides the major theoretical framework for the analysis. In order to
analyse the behaviour of the Chinese state we adopt Houlihan's (1994) concepts of
'reach' and 'response' which focus attention on global actors and pressures external to
the country and state (reach) and the capacity of states to determine their response. A
set of quantitative and qualitative indicators of globalisation have been identified.
Data were collected from a number of sources including official government
documents, news media, and a series of 32 interviews with Chinese officials. The
analysis reveals that the Chinese government has demonstrated a desire and a capacity
to manage the impact of the Olympic Movement, global football and basketball on
domestic sport practices; and second, the Chinese government has attempted, with
reasonable success, to manage the impact of commercial interests on Chinese
domestic football, basketball and other Olympic sports practices, elite athletes and
professional clubs. However, a number of tensions exist: first, between the priorities
of commercial clubs and national teams' development; and second, between the
highly paid and internationally mobile 'star players' and the centrally controlled elite
development system
The rise of sport in the Asia-Pacific region and a social scientific journey through Asian-Pacific sport
Policy transfer and learning from the West: elite basketball development in the People's Republic of China
The article examines the engagement of the Peopleâs Republic of China with global
sport using basketball as an example. Following a discussion of the priority given
to national elite team sport success in contemporary China, the article explores
the range of mechanisms that facilitate sport globalization and focuses particularly
on evaluating the utility of the concepts of policy transfer and lesson drawing.
The examination of the concepts is achieved through the exploration of a series
of questions relating to recent developments in basketball in China, including how
the need for reform of the domestic system was recognized and articulated, who
was instrumental in transferring policy, which countries were identified as suitable
exemplars, and which policies were transferred. The article draws on data collected
from a number of sources, including official government documents, news media, and
a series of interviews with Chinese officials from key governmental organizations.
The article concludes that the concepts of policy transfer and lesson drawing provide
significant insight into the process of Chinaâs engagement in basketball, and identifies
a series of tensions arising from the process that affect contemporary sport policy
Managing compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code: China's strategies and their implications
With the problems of doping in sport becoming more serious, the World Anti-Doping Code was drafted by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2003 and became effective one year later. Since its passage, the Code has been renewed four times, with the fourth and latest version promulgated in January 2015. The Code was intended to tackle the problems of doping in sports through cooperation with governments to ensure fair competition as well as the health of athletes. To understand Chinaâs strategies for managing compliance with the Code and also the implications behind those strategies, this study borrows ideas from theories of compliance. Chinaâs high levels of performance in sport, judged by medal success, have undoubtedly placed the country near the top of the global sports field. Therefore, how China acts in relation to international organizations, and especially how it responds to the World Anti-Doping Agency, is highly significant for the future of elite sport and for the world anti-doping regime. Through painstaking efforts, the researchers visited Beijing to conduct field research four times and interviewed a total of 22 key sports personnel, including officials at the General Administration of Sports of China, the China Anti-Doping Agency, and individual sport associations, as well as sport scholars and leading officials of Chinaâs professional sports leagues. In response to the World Anti-Doping Agency, China developed strategies related to seven institutional factors: âmonitoringâ, âverificationâ, âhorizontal linkagesâ, ânestingâ, âcapacity buildingâ, ânational concernâ and âinstitutional profileâ. As for the implications, the Chinese government is willing and able to comply with the World Anti-Doping Agency Code. In other words, the Chinese government is willing to pay a high price in terms of money, manpower and material resources so that it can recover from the disgrace suffered as a result of doping scandals in the 1990s. The government wants to ensure that Chinaâs prospects as a participant, bidder and host of mega sporting events are not compromised, especially as the host of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing
Xi Jin-Ping's world cup dreams: from a major sports country to a world sports power
Football is among the worldâs most popular sports. It is also one which China has sought to develop in the field of global professional sport. Nevertheless, the professionalization of football in China has not to date actually improved China's Olympic achievement in the sport. In stark contrast to the glory of being the country that won most gold medals at the 2008 Olympics, Chinaâs poor football performance has been troublesome for the countryâs leader. In 2009, newly elected Xi Jin-Ping made a public statement about promoting elite football and expressed his personal hope that China would be capable of both qualifying for the final stages and winning the FIFA World Cup. With such concern on the part of the state leader, attention turned to football, with many private enterprises beginning to echo government policy by demonstrating a willingness to promote elite football. In addition, to accelerate football development, the Chinese government promised to take action on the separation of government and football associations. Research on this process was based on the theoretical framework of state corporatism derived from the work of Schmitter (1974). Semi-structured interviews were conducted as the method of data collection aimed at helping us understand how Chinese government either integrated or controlled relevant stakeholders such as NGOs and private enterprises, and further, to discuss the interactions between them
Isolation, molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. obtained from Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and Marble Goby (Oxyeleotris marmoratus) fish in Sabah, Malaysia
Aeromonads are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and have been implicated in fish and human infections. In this study, we isolated, studied antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and screened the existence of 15 virulence genes in aeromonads from two famously consumed fish speciesâseven marine Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and eight freshwater Marble Goby (Oxyeleotris marmoratus) from the aquaculture hatchery in Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 30 aeromonads (17 A. caviae, 9 A. rivuli, 4 A. dhakensis) were identified using PCR targeting GCAT gene, rpoDârestriction fragment length polymorphism and multiâlocus phylogenetic analysis. All 30 strains were resistant to amoxicillin and cephalothin and five strains were multidrugâresistant. Nine virulence genes (lip, ela, eno, fla, aerA, hylA, dam, alt and ser) present in A. dhakensis, suggesting the virulence potential of this species as a fish pathogen. This study offers as a baseline for future studies in monitoring and managing these two fish in aquaculture industry
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