Transmission behaviors of single mode hollow metallic waveguides dedicated to mid-infrared nulling interferometry

This paper reports the characterization of hollow metallic waveguides (HMW) to be used as single-mode wavefront filters for nulling interferometry in the 6-20 microns range. The measurements presented here were performed using both single-mode and multimode conductive waveguides at 10.6 microns. We found propagation losses of about 16dB/mm, which are mainly due to the theoretical skin effect absorption in addition to the roughness of the waveguide metallic walls. The input and output coupling efficiency of our samples has been improved by adding tapers to minimize the impedance mismatch. A proper distinction between propagation losses and coupling losses is presented. Despite their elevate propagation losses, HMW show excellent spatial filtering capabilities in a spectral range where photonics technologies are only emerging.Comment: This paper was published in Optics Express and can be found at http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-26-1800

Cycling training effects on fat metabolism blood parameters

BACKGROUND: Study the acute and middle term (4 weeks training) effect of cycling training on fat blood hematological parameters, urine, fatigue, and general health in recreational well-trained cyclists. METHODS: Nineteen cyclists underwent five blood sample collections: before and after an incremental maximal ramp test 7 days before day 0 (D-0); before and after 1 hour exhaustion trial test at baseline (D-0); and after 28 days of training (D-28). Age 34.5 years (\ub19.5); weight 74.87 kg (\ub16.6); height 177.3 cm (\ub15.2); BMI 26.3 (\ub14.9); VO2max 53.75 mL/kg/ min (\ub16.01); distance cycled 314.7 km/week (\ub1137.1). RESULTS: Acute effect was strong elevating WBC from 6.27\ub12.34 to 9.01\ub13.63 7103/\ub5L, an increase in LDL and total CHOL, in this respect, existing literature is controversial. No changes in body weight or blood pressure was observed after 1 month of regular training albeit lipid profile significantly improved, as well as GOT. CONCLUSIONS: Effect of a short incremental bout of exercise was to temporary elevated all the blood parameters except MCH and MCHC. A month of intensive training (distance cycled: 314.7\ub1137.1 km/week) significantly improved blood lipids profile with no permanent effect on WBC, blood pressure or body weight, but improved post effort lactate concentration and fatigue perception. Hematuria is confirmed to be a rare occurrence in recreational cyclists. Data can be useful for training monitoring and comparisons with similar groups of athletes, where there is a lack of information in literature and for comparing exercise effects

First nucleotide sequence of a Carlavirus infecting caper

A carlavirus from asymptomatic caper plants (Capparis spinosa L.), that was provisionally considered a distinct isolate of the previously described Caper latent virus, was partially sequenced. The translated amino acid sequences of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene and coat protein (CP) gene were compared with the equivalent sequences of members of the genus Carlavirus. The isolate, named CapLV-L7, showed less than 78% and 72% amino acid identity in RdRp and CP regions, respectively, with the other carlaviruses tested. The closest sequence similarity was with Nerine latent virus and Potato virus M. The phylogenic trees showed a close relationship of CapLV-L7 with Nerine latent virus in both genes

Study on ultra-structural effects caused by Onion yellow dwarf virus infection in ‘Rossa di Tropea’ onion bulb by means of magnetic resonance imaging

\u2018Rossa di Tropea\u2019 onion is a particular pink/red coloured onion cultivated in Calabria region (Southern Italy), representing one of the Italian most important vegetable crops granted with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) trademarks. This local cultivar is characterised by a high nutraceutical compounds content showing anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, anticancer and antioxidant properties. As all vegetable crops and Allium spp., \u2018Rossa di Tropea\u2019 onion is affected by several viruses. Among these, the species Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae), represents the most limiting biotic stress, inducing severe symptoms. OYDV effect on tissues architecture in whole bulbs was investigated using magnetic resonance microimaging (MRI) technique, which allows the interior of samples to be imaged non-invasively and non-destructively and yields quantitative information on physico-chemical parameters describing water mobility (T1 and T2 relaxation times). The use of such tool allowed to determine how OYDV alters plant physiology by inducing water accumulation in bulb tissues as well as causing ultra-structural modifications of cell wall, highlighted by MRI. All these effects resulted in an increase of free water in plant tissues, and consequently relevant water losses during post-harvest storage, seriously affecting bulb quality, marketability and shelf life

Rapid identification of Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Bemisia tabaci (MEAM1 and MED) and tomato-infecting criniviruses in whiteflies and in tomato leaves by real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay

Abstract The whiteflies Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) are harmful pests of vegetable and ornamental crops in many countries. Also, they are vectors of emergent viruses on tomato including the criniviruses (Closteroviridae genus Crinivirus) Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV). Since different vectors are involved in the transmission of both viruses (ToCV is transmitted by B. tabaci, Trialeurodes abutiloneus and T. vaporariorum while TICV is transmitted only by T. vaporariorum), and they induce similar symptoms on tomato plants, a sensitive and specific diagnosis method is desirable. In addition, a rapid discriminating method of the vectors is essential for monitoring and control activities and epidemiological studies. For these reasons, a combined protocol based on one-step multiplex real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR has been developed for the identification of T. vaporariorum, two invasive species of the complex B. tabaci (MEAM1 and MED) and for the specific detection of ToCV and TICV in whiteflies and plants

WRKY Gene Family Drives Dormancy Release in Onion Bulbs

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important bulb crop grown worldwide. Dormancy in bulbous plants is an important physiological state mainly regulated by a complex gene network that determines a stop of vegetative growth during unfavorable seasons. Limited knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that regulate dormancy in onion were available until now. Here, a comparison between uninfected and onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV)-infected onion bulbs highlighted an altered dormancy in the virus-infected plants, causing several symptoms, such as leaf striping, growth reduction, early bulb sprouting and rooting, as well as a lower abscisic acid (ABA) level at the start of dormancy. Furthermore, by comparing three dormancy stages, almost five thousand four hundred (5390) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in uninfected bulbs, while the number of DEGs was significantly reduced (1322) in OYDV-infected bulbs. Genes involved in cell wall modification, proteolysis, and hormone signaling, such as ABA, gibberellins (GAs), indole3-acetic acid (IAA), and brassinosteroids (BRs), that have already been reported as key dormancyrelated pathways, were the most enriched ones in the healthy plants. Interestingly, several transcription factors (TFs) were up-regulated in the uninfected bulbs, among them three genes belonging to the WRKY family, for the first time characterized in onion, were identified during dormancy release. The involvement of specific WRKY genes in breaking dormancy in onion was confirmed by GO enrichment and network analysis, highlighting a correlation between AcWRKY32 and genes driving plant development, cell wall modification, and division via gibberellin and auxin homeostasis, two key processes in dormancy release. Overall, we present, for the first time, a detailed molecular analysis of the dormancy process, a description of the WRKY-TF family in onion, providing a better understanding of the role played by AcWRKY32 in the bulb dormancy release. The TF coexpressed genes may represent targets for controlling the early sprouting in onion, laying the foundations for novel breeding programs to improve shelf life and reduce postharvest

In vitro thermotherapy and shoot-tip culture to eliminate Caper latent virus in Capparis spinosa

Capparis spinosa plants in the Sicilian Islands, Italy, are frequently infected with Caper latent virus (CapLV). CapLV affects the vigour and longevity of caper plants and exacerbates the effect of other adverse biotic and abiotic factors. To have CapLV-free cuttings of caper for multiplication and new planting is therefore advantageous for a revival of this crop wherever it is cultivated. An improved procedure for the in vitro thermotherapy combined with the culture of the shoot tips of C. spinosa has been applied to caper material collected from Salina (Aeolian Archipelago) and Pantelleria. More than of 60% (Salina) and 90% (Pantelleria) of the shoot tips survived, and 89–93% of the regenerated plantlets were CapLV-free when tested by RT-PCR. This is the first report on eliminating CapLV from caper plants

Validation of a microarrays protocol for detection and genotyping isolates of Plum pox virus

A genomic strategy for PPV identification has been recently developed (Pasquini et al., 2008). The method is based on using a 70-mer oligonucleotide DNA microarray chip capable of simultaneously detecting and genotyping PPV strains. Universal and specific probes have been identified and used with a sensitive protocol of hybridization using an indirect fluorescent labelling of cDNA product with cyanine able to enhance the sensitivity of the virus detection avoiding the use of the PCR amplification step. In order to evaluate the protocol fitness for diagnostic use, about 30 samples belonging to a PPV isolates collection, including M, D, EA and C strains, have been used for its validation, that was determined, estimating the performance criteria that include the following parameters: diagnostic sensitivity (D-SN), diagnostic specificity (D-SP) and diagnostic accuracy (D-AC). Keywords: oligonucleotides chip, PPV, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, performance criteri

Eleven-year experience with the avidin-biotin pretargeting system in glioblastoma: Toxicity, efficacy and survival

Background: The 3-step avidin-biotin pretargeting approach is applied in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM), using biotinylated anti-tenascin monoclonal antibody as the first step of pretargeting followed by avidin and 90Ybiotin. Methods: The present study reviews objective response and overall survival rates in 502 glioblastoma patients treated with 3-step radioimmunotherapy in our institute from December 1994 to December 2005. Patients underwent standard treatment before receiving Pretargeted Antibody-Guided Radionuclide Therapy with 90Y-biotin (PAGRIT ®). Results: Of the 502 patients, 272 (54%) were evaluable for response and 375 (75%) for overall survival. 174 patients (64%) continued to progress after PAGRIT ®, 77 (28%) obtained disease stabilization, and 21 (8%) showed objective tumor regression. Survival of the 375 evaluable patients was 98.4% at 6 months, 79.2% at 12 months, 51.7% at 18 months, and 30.7% at 24 months after the first cycle of PAGRIT ®. All 375 received 3-step PAGRIT ® at recurrence of GBM. The median survival time from diagnosis was 19 months. Conclusion: The results from this retrospective analysis suggest that 90Y-biotin PAGRIT ® interferes with the progression of glioblastoma, prolonging survival in a larger number of patients. Our analysis forms the basis for further prospective trials, where radioimmunotherapy, which is known to be more effective in minimal residual disease, could be offered immediately after surgery. © Grana et al.; Licensee Bentham Open

Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction development for rapid detection of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus and comparison with other techniques

[EN] Background: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a highly infectious tobamovirus that causes severe disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. In Italy, the first ToBRFV outbreak occurred in 2018 in several provinces of the Sicily region. ToBRFV outbreak represents a serious threat for tomato crops in Italy and the Mediterranean Basin. Methods: Molecular and biological characterisation of the Sicilian ToBRFV ToB-SIC01/19 isolate was performed, and a sensitive and specific Real-time RT-PCR TaqMan minor groove binder probe method was developed to detect ToBRFV in infected plants and seeds. Moreover, four different sample preparation procedures (immunocapture, total RNA extraction, direct crude extract and leaf-disk crude extract) were evaluated. Results: The Sicilian isolate ToB-SIC01/19 (6,391 nt) showed a strong sequence identity with the isolates TBRFV-P12-3H and TBRFV-P12-3G from Germany, Tom 1-Jo from Jordan and TBRFV-IL from Israel. The ToB-SIC01/19 isolate was successfully transmitted by mechanical inoculations in S. lycopersicum L. and Capsicum annuum L., but no transmission occurred in S. melongena L. The developed real-time RT-PCR, based on the use of a primer set designed on conserved sequences in the open reading frames3, enabled a reliable quantitative detection. This method allowed clear discrimination of ToBRFV from other viruses belonging to the genus Tobamovirus, minimising false-negative results. Using immunocapture and total RNA extraction procedures, the real-time RT-PCR and end-point RT-PCR gave the same comparable results. Using direct crude extracts and leaf-disk crude extracts, the end-point RT-PCR was unable to provide a reliable result. This developed highly specific and sensitive real-time RT-PCR assay will be a particularly valuable tool for early ToBRFV diagnosis, optimising procedures in terms of costs and time.Panno, S.; Ruiz-Ruiz, S.; Giovani Carusso, A.; Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Font San Ambrosio, MI.; Davino, S. (2019). Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction development for rapid detection of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus and comparison with other techniques. PeerJ. 7:1-20. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7928S1207Alkowni, R., Alabdallah, O., & Fadda, Z. (2019). Molecular identification of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato in Palestine. Journal of Plant Pathology, 101(3), 719-723. doi:10.1007/s42161-019-00240-7Cambrón-Crisantos, J. M., Rodríguez-Mendoza, J., Valencia-Luna, J. B., Alcasio-Rangel, S., García-Ávila, C. D. J., López-Buenfil, J. A., & Ochoa-Martínez, D. L. (2018). Primer reporte de Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) en Michoacán, México. 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A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N. P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P. A., McWilliam, H., … Higgins, D. G. (2007). Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics, 23(21), 2947-2948. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404Levitzky, N., Smith, E., Lachman, O., Luria, N., Mizrahi, Y., Bakelman, H., … Dombrovsky, A. (2019). The bumblebee Bombus terrestris carries a primary inoculum of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus contributing to disease spread in tomatoes. PLOS ONE, 14(1), e0210871. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210871Ling, K.-S., Tian, T., Gurung, S., Salati, R., & Gilliard, A. (2019). First Report of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Infecting Greenhouse Tomato in the United States. Plant Disease, 103(6), 1439. doi:10.1094/pdis-11-18-1959-pdnLuria, N., Smith, E., Reingold, V., Bekelman, I., Lapidot, M., Levin, I., … Dombrovsky, A. (2017). A New Israeli Tobamovirus Isolate Infects Tomato Plants Harboring Tm-22 Resistance Genes. 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