Main targets of tetraaza macrocyclic copper complex on L1210 murine leukemia cells

Several metal complex agents have already been introduced into clinical tumor therapy and others are subject of antitumor studies. In this study we focused on the tetraaza macrocyclic copper complex (Cu(TAAB)Cl-2). We studied the influence of the substance on cell growth, cell cycle, membrane integrity, necrosis, apotosis and glutathione level on the leukemic cell line L1210 in 1-day (22 h) and 3-day (72 h) experiments. The metal complex shows a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect, without affecting cell cycle phases. The present results confirm that copper complex can damage plasmatic membranes and trigger apoptosis, and that after treatment of leukemic cells with the copper complex, glutathione levels were increased. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

TREM-1 and TREM-2 Expression on Blood Monocytes Could Help Predict Survival in High-Grade Glioma Patients

Objective. In recent years, the role of the modern inflammatory markers TREM-1 (triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells) and HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1 protein) in tumorigenesis has begun to be studied. Their role in gliomas is not clear. The aim of our study was to find the role of inflammation in gliomas. Patients and Methods. In 63 adult patients with gliomas and 31 healthy controls, the expressions of TREM-1 and TREM-2 on CD14+ blood cells (method: flow cytometry) and the levels of soluble sTREM-1, HMGB1, IL-6, and IL-10 (Elisa tests) were analyzed. Results. Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that a TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio was associated with reduced overall survival (HR=1.001, P=0.023). Patients with a TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio above 125 survived significantly shorter than patients with a TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio below 125. The percentage of CD14+ TREM-1+ cells was strongly associated with a plasma IL-6/IL-10 ratio (positively) and with IL-10 (negatively). Conversely, we found a higher percentage of CD14+ TREM-2+ monocytes in better surviving patients; these cells could downregulate the exaggerated inflammation and potentiate the phagocytosis in the tumor. The serum levels of HMGB1 negatively correlated with the percentage of CD14+ TREM-1+ cells and with the TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio. The positive correlation between the serum levels of a late proinflammatory cytokine HMGB1 with the percentage of TREM2+ CD14+ monocytes can be explained as an effort for suppression of systemic inflammation by anti-inflammatory acting CD14+ TREM-2+ cells. Conclusion. We showed that the TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio (expression on the surface of blood monocytes) could help predict prognosis in patients with gliomas, especially in high-grade gliomas, and that systemic inflammation has an impact on the patient’s overall survival. This is the first study that showed that TREM expression on monocytes in peripheral blood could help predict prognosis in patients with gliomas