Poboljšanje učinkovitosti rada uređaja za obradu otpadne vode mljekarske industrije dodatkom bioaktivatora

The problem in the work of dairy wastewater treatment system of milk processing industry Dukat Dairy Industry Inc., Factory Sirela, which applies the technology of activated sludge are filamentous microorganisms that cause bulking of the activated sludge and consequent inefficient treatment of wastewater. Also, this activated sludge does not have good settling properties and separation from treated water. The factors which caused such poor sludge quality are: a sudden high organic load and changes in environmental factors. In order to improve the efficiency of the system, a role and contribution of bioactivator “Aquatop® BA” was studied. The operation of the system is monitored during the period January-May in the year 2006 (bioactivator not added) and in the year 2009 (with addition of bioactivator). By adding the bioactivator better formation of flocs and good settling of activated sludge, prevention of filamentous bacteria growth and stable quality of the effluent to the required values prescribed by the Croatian waters to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) <700 mg/L and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) <250 mg/L were achieved.Problem u radu sustava za obradu otpadne vode mljekarske industrije Dukat mliječna industrija d.d., Tvornica Sirela, koji primjenjuje tehnologiju aktivnog mulja čine filamentozne vrste mikroorganizama koje izazivaju napuhavanje mulja, a posljedično tome neučinkovitu obradu otpadne vode. Također, takav mulj nema svojstva dobre taloživosti, odnosno odjeljivanja od pročišćene vode. Na takvo stanje utječe iznenadno veliko organsko opterećenje sustava i promjene okolišnih čimbenika. U svrhu poboljšanja rada sustava istražena je uloga i doprinos bioaktivatora “Aquatop® BA”. Rad sustava motren je tijekom razdoblja siječanj-svibanj 2006. godine (nije dodavan bioaktivator) i 2009. godine (dodavan bioaktivator). Dodatkom bioaktivatora postiže se bolje povezivanje mikroorganizama u nakupine, dobro taloženje aktivnog mulja, sprječavanje rasta filamentoznih bakterijai ustaljena kakvoća izlaznog toka prema zahtijevanim vrijednostima propisanim Vodopravnom dozvolom i to kemijska potrošnja kisika (KPK) <700 mg/L, biokemijska potrošnja kisika (BPK) <250 mg/L

Metodi di trattamento delle acque reflue dell’industria della carne

Količina i sastav otpadnih voda mesne industrije ovise o vrsti mesa koje se obrađuje, načinu čišćenja opreme i veličini postrojenja. Otpadne vode mesne industrije visoko su onečišćene i opterećene proteinima, lipidima, ugljikohidratima i vlaknima. Industrija mesa obuhvaća klaonice, pogone za obradu i pogone za proizvodnju mesnih proizvoda. Istražene su brojne metode obrade otpadnih voda mesne industrije, fizikalni, kemijski i bioloških procesi. Cilj obrade otpadne vode mesne industrije je postizanje kakvoće pročišćene vode koja zadovoljava zakonske propise, kvalitetno iskorištenje nusprodukata procesa, a odabrani postupak obrade treba biti ekološki, ekonomski i tehnološki najbolji. Ovaj pregledni rad dat će literaturni pregled metoda obrade otpadnih voda mesne industrije kao i kakvoću otpadnih voda mesne industrije.The quantity and quality of meat industry wastewater depend on the type of meat processed, the way the equipment is cleaned, and the size of the plant. The meat industry wastewater is highly polluted and rich in proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and fibers. The meat industry includes slaughterhouses, processing plants and plants for the production of meat products. Numerous methods for meat industry wastewater treatment, physical, chemical and biological processes, have been investigated. The aim of meat industry wastewater treatment is to achieve the quality of purified water that meets the legal regulations, the quality utilisation of the process by-products, and the selected treatment process should be the most ecologically, economically and technologically advanced. This review paper will provide a literature review of meat industry wastewater treatment methods, as well as the quality of the meat industry wastewater.Die Menge und Qualität des Abwassers der Fleischindustrie hängt von der Art des verarbeiteten Fleisches, der Art der Reinigung der Anlagen und der Größe des Betriebes ab. Die Abwässer der Fleischindustrie sind stark verschmutzt und reich an Proteinen, Lipiden, Kohlenhydraten und Fasern. Zur Fleischindustrie gehören Schlachthöfe, Verarbeitungsbetriebe und Anlagen zur Herstellung von Fleischprodukten. Es wurden zahlreiche Methoden zur Abwasserbehandlung in der Fleischindustrie sowie physikalische, chemische und biologische Verfahren untersucht. Das Ziel der Abwasserbehandlung in der Fleischindustrie ist es, die Qualität des gereinigten Wassers zu erreichen, die den gesetzlichen Vorschriften entspricht, eine gute Verwertung der Prozessnebenprodukte, wobei das gewählte Behandlungsverfahren ökologisch, wirtschaftlich und technologisch fortschrittlich sein sollte. Diese Übersichtsarbeit gibt einen Literaturüberblick über die Methoden der Abwasserbehandlung in der Fleischindustrie sowie über die Qualität des Abwassers der Fleischindustrie.La cantidad y calidad de las aguas residuales de la industria cárnica depende del tipo de carne procesada, la forma de limpieza del equipo y del tamaño de la planta. Las aguas residuales de la industria cárnica están muy contaminadas y cargadas de proteínas, lípidos, carbohidratos y fibras. La industria cárnica incluye mataderos, plantas de procesamiento y plantas para la producción de productos cárnicos. Se han investigado numerosos métodos de tratamiento de aguas residuales de la industria cárnica, así como los procesos físicos, químicos y biológicos. El objetivo del tratamiento de aguas residuales de la industria cárnica es lograr la calidad del agua purificada que cumpla con la legislación, la utilización de calidad de los subproductos del proceso y el procedimiento de tratamiento seleccionado debe ser el mejor del aspecto ambiental, económico y tecnológico. Esta revisión proporcionará una revisión de la literatura sobre los métodos de tratamiento de aguas residuales de la industria cárnica, así como la calidad de las aguas residuales de la industria cárnica.La quantità e la composizione delle acque reflue dell’industria della carne dipendono dal tipo della carne lavorata, dalle modalità di pulizia degli impianti e dalla grandezza dello stabilimento. Le acque di scarico dell’industria della carne sono altamente contaminate e ricche di proteine, lipidi, carboidrati e fibre. L’industria della carne comprende gli impianti della macellazione, gli impianti della lavorazione e gli impianti della produzione dei prodotti a base di carne. Sono stati studiati numerosi metodi di trattamento delle acque reflue dell’industria della carne che consistono in processi fisici, chimici e biologici. Il trattamento delle acque reflue dell’industria della carne ha, come finalità, il raggiungimento di una qualità delle acque depurate che soddisfi i parametri previsti dalla legge e lo sfruttamento ottimale dei sottoprodotti del processo, mentre il processo di trattamento prescelto deve essere il migliore possibile dal punto di vista ecologico, economico e tecnologico. Quest’articolo di rassegna fornirà un quadro bibliografico dei metodi trattamento e della qualità delle acque reflue dell’industria della carne

Potencijal otpadne vode mljekarske industrije za proces denitrifikacije

In this work the potential of dairy wastewater for denitrification process by means of a microbial culture of nitrificants and denitrificants was investigated. The aim of this work was to remove nitrate by using organic compounds from the dairy wastewater as an electron donors. The minimal ratio of COD/NO3-N of 10 (COD-chemical oxygen demand/NO3-N-nitrate nitrogen) was required to achieve complete reduction of NO3-N. The microbial culture of nitrificants and denitrificants, that was previously adapted on the dairy wastewater, carried out nitrate reduction with a different substrate utilization rate. The denitrification rate of 5.75 mg NO3-N/Lh was achieved at the beginning of denitrification when the microbial culture utilizes readily biodegradable COD. Further degradation occurred with the denitrification rate of 1.7 mg NO3-N/Lh.U ovom radu istražen je potencijal otpadne vode mljekarske industrije za proces denitrifikacije pomoću mikrobne kulture nitrifikanata i denitrifikanata. Cilj rada je bio ukloniti nitrat koristeći organske sastojke iz otpadne vode industrije prerade mlijeka kao elektron donore. Minimalan omjer KPK/ NO3-N (KPK-kemijska potrošnja kisika/NO3-N-nitratni dušik) potreban za postizanje potpune redukcije NO3-N iznosi 10. Mikrobna kultura nitrifikanata i denitrifikanata, prethodno prilagođena na otpadnu vodu mljekarske industrije, provodi redukciju nitrata uz različitu brzinu iskorištenja supstrata. U početku denitrifikacije mikrobna kultura troši lako razgradivi KPK i postiže brzinu denitrifikacije od 5,75 mg NO3-N/Lh. Daljnja razgradnja zbiva se uz brzinu denitrifikacije od 1,7 mg NO3 N/Lh

Potencijal otpadne vode mljekarske industrije za proces denitrifikacije

In this work the potential of dairy wastewater for denitrification process by means of a microbial culture of nitrificants and denitrificants was investigated. The aim of this work was to remove nitrate by using organic compounds from the dairy wastewater as an electron donors. The minimal ratio of COD/NO3-N of 10 (COD-chemical oxygen demand/NO3-N-nitrate nitrogen) was required to achieve complete reduction of NO3-N. The microbial culture of nitrificants and denitrificants, that was previously adapted on the dairy wastewater, carried out nitrate reduction with a different substrate utilization rate. The denitrification rate of 5.75 mg NO3-N/Lh was achieved at the beginning of denitrification when the microbial culture utilizes readily biodegradable COD. Further degradation occurred with the denitrification rate of 1.7 mg NO3-N/Lh.U ovom radu istražen je potencijal otpadne vode mljekarske industrije za proces denitrifikacije pomoću mikrobne kulture nitrifikanata i denitrifikanata. Cilj rada je bio ukloniti nitrat koristeći organske sastojke iz otpadne vode industrije prerade mlijeka kao elektron donore. Minimalan omjer KPK/ NO3-N (KPK-kemijska potrošnja kisika/NO3-N-nitratni dušik) potreban za postizanje potpune redukcije NO3-N iznosi 10. Mikrobna kultura nitrifikanata i denitrifikanata, prethodno prilagođena na otpadnu vodu mljekarske industrije, provodi redukciju nitrata uz različitu brzinu iskorištenja supstrata. U početku denitrifikacije mikrobna kultura troši lako razgradivi KPK i postiže brzinu denitrifikacije od 5,75 mg NO3-N/Lh. Daljnja razgradnja zbiva se uz brzinu denitrifikacije od 1,7 mg NO3 N/Lh

Evolucija bakterija tijekom stacionarne faze rasta

Metagenomics and advances in molecular biology methods have enhanced knowledge of microbial evolution, metabolism, functions, their interactions with other organisms and their environment. The ability to persist and adapt to changes in their environment is a common lifestyle of 1 % of the known culturable bacteria. Studies in the variety of species have identified an incredible diversity of bacterial lifespan. The holy grail of molecular biology is to understand the integrated genetic and metabolic patterns of prokaryotic organisms like the enteric bacterium Escherichia coli. The usual description of E. coli life cycle comprises four phases: lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phase, omitting their persistence and evolution during prolonged stationary phase. During prolonged stationary/starvation period, in batch bacterial culture, selected mutants with increased fitness express growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP), which enables them to grow and displace the parent cells as the majority population. The analyses of growth competition of Gram-negative and/or Gram-positive mixed bacterial cultures showed that GASP phenomenon can result in four GASP phenotypes: strong, moderate, weak or abortive. Bacterial stress responses to starvation include functions that can increase genetic variability and produce transient mutator state, which is important for adaptive evolution.Metagenomika i suvremene metode molekularne biologije omogućili su razumijevanje evolucije, metabolizma i funkcije mikroorganizama te njihovih interakcija s drugim organizmima u okolišu. Otpornost i prilagodba na promjene u okolišu uobičajeni su za 1 % poznatih bakterija što se mogu uzgajati u laboratoriju. Istraživanjem različitih bakterijskih vrsta uočena je njihova velika raznolikost. Escherichia coli je „sveti gral“ molekularne biologije u razumijevanju genetike i metaboličkih modela. Životni se ciklus E. coli sastoji od četiri faze: lag, logaritamske, stacionarne i faze odumiranja, zanemarujući bakterijsku postojanost i evoluciju tijekom produljene stacionarne faze. U šaržnoj bakterijskoj kulturi, tijekom produljene stacionarne faze ili vremena izgladnjivanja, preživjele stanice mutanata brže rastu (engl. growth advantage in stationary phase - GASP), pa prerastaju i zamjenjuju većinu roditeljskih stanica. Analiza kompetitivnoga rasta Gram-pozitivnih i/ili Gram-negativnih bakterija, tijekom produljene stacionarne faze u mješovitim kulturama, pokazala je postojanje četiriju GASP fenotipova: jaki, umjereni, slabi i nerazvijeni. Bakterijski odgovor na izgladnjivanje obuhvaća stanične funkcije koje mogu povećati genetičku raznolikost i stvarati mutator stanice bitne za adaptivnu evoluciju bakterija

FISH CANNING WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE

The biological performance of flocculent sludge in sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of fish canning wastewater was evaluated in terms of organic matter and nutrient removal by gradual increase of salt concentration in the nitritation-denitritation process. Salinity negatively affected the biological system performance in a way that reduced organic and nutrient removal. The removal efficiency of organic matter and nitrogen showed good performance below 20 g NaCl/L, while phosphate accumulating organisms activity was deteriorated and declined during whole experiment. Nitrogen removal occurred as ammonium oxidation with nitrite accumulation. Nitrite reduction was not affected by salt concentration

Nitrogen Removal with Aerobic Granules – Effect of Dissolved Oxygen and Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio

Nitrogen removal efficiency related to the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (DO 1–7 mg l–1), carbon/nitrogen ratio (COD/N 1–14), and the effect of airflow (0.4–2.9 l min–1) related to the granule size were investigated. The average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of ≥ 90 % was achieved at COD/N ≥ 11, but the satisfactory N values in effluent for discharge into the surface waters were almost achieved at COD/N 14. DO of 2 mg l–1 is recommended for efficient removal of N and COD with mature granules. The size (diameter) of the granules decreases with increased airflow

Evolucija bakterija tijekom stacionarne faze rasta

Metagenomics and advances in molecular biology methods have enhanced knowledge of microbial evolution, metabolism, functions, their interactions with other organisms and their environment. The ability to persist and adapt to changes in their environment is a common lifestyle of 1 % of the known culturable bacteria. Studies in the variety of species have identified an incredible diversity of bacterial lifespan. The holy grail of molecular biology is to understand the integrated genetic and metabolic patterns of prokaryotic organisms like the enteric bacterium Escherichia coli. The usual description of E. coli life cycle comprises four phases: lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phase, omitting their persistence and evolution during prolonged stationary phase. During prolonged stationary/starvation period, in batch bacterial culture, selected mutants with increased fitness express growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP), which enables them to grow and displace the parent cells as the majority population. The analyses of growth competition of Gram-negative and/or Gram-positive mixed bacterial cultures showed that GASP phenomenon can result in four GASP phenotypes: strong, moderate, weak or abortive. Bacterial stress responses to starvation include functions that can increase genetic variability and produce transient mutator state, which is important for adaptive evolution.Metagenomika i suvremene metode molekularne biologije omogućili su razumijevanje evolucije, metabolizma i funkcije mikroorganizama te njihovih interakcija s drugim organizmima u okolišu. Otpornost i prilagodba na promjene u okolišu uobičajeni su za 1 % poznatih bakterija što se mogu uzgajati u laboratoriju. Istraživanjem različitih bakterijskih vrsta uočena je njihova velika raznolikost. Escherichia coli je „sveti gral“ molekularne biologije u razumijevanju genetike i metaboličkih modela. Životni se ciklus E. coli sastoji od četiri faze: lag, logaritamske, stacionarne i faze odumiranja, zanemarujući bakterijsku postojanost i evoluciju tijekom produljene stacionarne faze. U šaržnoj bakterijskoj kulturi, tijekom produljene stacionarne faze ili vremena izgladnjivanja, preživjele stanice mutanata brže rastu (engl. growth advantage in stationary phase - GASP), pa prerastaju i zamjenjuju većinu roditeljskih stanica. Analiza kompetitivnoga rasta Gram-pozitivnih i/ili Gram-negativnih bakterija, tijekom produljene stacionarne faze u mješovitim kulturama, pokazala je postojanje četiriju GASP fenotipova: jaki, umjereni, slabi i nerazvijeni. Bakterijski odgovor na izgladnjivanje obuhvaća stanične funkcije koje mogu povećati genetičku raznolikost i stvarati mutator stanice bitne za adaptivnu evoluciju bakterija

BIODEGRADATION OF AZO DYE BY ADAPTED MIXED MICROBIAL CULTURES

Wastewater effluents from azo dye production and other dye-stuff using industries contain significant amounts of highly resistant azo dyes that require special treatment processes to prevent groundwater contamination. The present study is based on the approach of aerobic followed by anaerobic step for biodegradation and decolorization of azo dye. The main objective of this work was the adaptation, isolation and preparation of mixed microbial culture, from laboratory collection, catabolically able to biodegrade under aerobic conditions bordo azo dye present in mother lye after industrial production of that dye. The anaerobic step needed for biodegradation of azo dye was performed by the use of adapted active anaerobic sludge from a wastewater treatment plant of the sugar industry. The adapted aerobic and anaerobic microbial cultures demonstrated significant biodegradative enzymatic potential and can be further used for development of a continuous aerobic – anaerobic process for the treatment of wastewater from industrial production of azo dye

Die Entfernung und Rückgewinnung von Phosphor aus dem Abwasser

Otpadna voda ukoliko se nepročišćena ispušta u prirodne recipijente koja sadrži visoke koncentracije fosfora predstavlja opasnost za okoliš uzrokujući eutrofikaciju i vodnih tijela širom svijeta. Tijekom proteklog desetljeća proveden je velik broj istraživanja o uklanjanju hranjivih tvari iz otpadne vode, osobito fosfora i dušika, kako bi se smanjio njihov štetan utjecaj na okoliš. Fosfor je element prirodno prisutan u okolišu, međutim povećane koncentracije istoga otkrivene su u mnogim slatkovodnim ekosustavima kao posljedica višegodišnjeg nekontroliranog ispuštanja nepročišćene ili nedovoljno pročišćene otpadne vode u prirodu. Povišene koncentracije fosfora u prirodnim vodama narušavaju kakvoću vode uzrokuju prije svega prekomjeran rast algi i smanjenje koncentracije kisika. Stručnjaci ulažu velike napore kako bi se pronašlo učinkovito, ekološki prihvatljivo i ekonomično rješenje za smanjenje, odnosno uklanjanje fosfora iz otpadne vode. S druge strane, posljednjih 20 godina fosfor se smatra oporabljujućim elementom, radije nego onečišćujućom tvari. U ovom radu prikazan je pregled rezultata znanstvenih istraživanja provedenih u posljednjih 5 godina s ciljem uklanjanja i oporabe fosfora iz otpadnih voda.If untreated wastewater containing high concentrations of phosphorus is discharged into a natural recipient, it poses an environmental threat, causing eutrophication of water bodies all over the world. In the past century, numerous investigations in nutrient removal from wastewater, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, were conducted in order to reduce their adverse impact on the environment. Phosphorus is an element that is naturally present in the environment; however, its increased concentrations have been detected in many freshwater ecosystems as a consequence of many years of uncontrolled untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater discharges into the nature. Increased phosphorus concentrations in natural waters impair water quality by causing primarily excessive algae growth and reduced oxygen concentrations. Experts are making great efforts to find an efficient, ecologically acceptable and feasible solution to its reduction, i.e. removal of phosphorus from wastewater. On the other hand, rather than being considered a pollutant, phosphorus has been considered a recyclable element in the past 20 years. This paper presents an overview of the results of scientific research conducted in the past 5 years within the aim of removing and recycling phosphorus from the environment.Wenn das Abwasser mit hohem Phosphorgehalt ungereinigt in natürliche Gewässer eingeleitet wird, stellt es eine Gefahr für die Umwelt dar, da dies zur Eutrophierung von Gewässern weltweit führt. Im letzten Jahrzehnt wurden zahlreiche Untersuchungen über Entfernung von Nährstoffen, vor allem Phosphor und Stickstoff, aus dem Abwasser durchgeführt, um ihre schädlichen Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt zu reduzieren. Phosphor ist ein chemisches Element, das in der Natur in gebundener Form vorkommt. Die erhöhten Phosphorkonzentrationen wurden allerdings in vielen Süßwasserökosystemen gefunden als Folge von mehrjähriger unkontrollierter Einleitung von ungereinigtem oder ungenügend gereinigtem Abwasser in die Umwelt. Der in natürlichen Gewässern erhöhte Phosphorgehalt verschlechtert die Wasserqualität, verursacht eine Massenentwicklung von Algen und reduziert den Gehalt an verfügbarem Sauerstoff. Fachleute unternehmen große Anstrengungen, um eine wirkungsvolle, umweltfreundliche und wirtschaftliche Lösung zur Reduzierung bzw. Entfernung von Phosphor aus dem Abwasser zu finden. Andererseits wird Phosphor in den letzten 20 Jahren als Aufbereitungsmittel anstatt Verunreinigungselement angesehen. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über die Ergebnisse von in den letzten fünf Jahren durchgeführten Untersuchungen gegeben, die sich mit der Entfernung und Rückgewinnung von Phosphor aus dem Abwasser befassen