Attorney Fees: Slipping from the American Rule Strait Jacket

Attorney Fees: Slipping from the American Rule Strait Jacke

PhD

dissertationTo determine whether specific chemical linkages between proteins and haptens could be important in cell-mediated immune recognition of drugs, Penicillin-G (PG) was covalently conjugated to guinea pig albumin through amino (NH2) or sulfhydryl (SH) moieties. Hapten densities ranged from four to one-hundred moles of PG per mole of albumin. Slight differences in cell-mediated immunity to the conjugates were observed for different happen densities or doses of conjugate used for sensitization. Guinea pigs sensitized with PG-albumin conjugates through amino group (PG-NH2) responded to the PG-NH2 conjugate in vivo (delayed skin test) and in vitro (Macrophage Migration Inhibition. MIF) but not to the PG-SH conjugate of albumin. Animals sensitized of PG-SH responded to the PG-SH conjugate, and not to the PG-NH2 conjugate. Penicilloylpolysysine (PPL) and PG were also tested for in vivo and in vitro efficacy to detect the hypersensitivity; PG alone did not result in any increase over baseline values and the inhibition of cellular migration form PG-NH2 sensitized animals challenged with PPL was not statistically significant. In vitro dose response effect for the PG-NH2 conjugate suggest that the MIF assay in not as dose sensitive as lymphocyte transformation, where increase 3H-Thymidine uptake was seen with increase dose of antigen, while migration inhibition remained constant

Attorney Fees: Slipping from the American Rule Strait Jacket

Attorney Fees: Slipping from the American Rule Strait Jacke

Comedy Tonight!

BYU Guest Faculty Artists perform several enthralling Art Songs, meant to be different than a typical song and capture attention. All three performers are successful individual performers that now teach at BYU.https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/music_programs/1125/thumbnail.jp

Immune Suppression By The Herbicide Atrazine Involves Inhibition Of CD4+ T Cells And Expansion Of Foxp3+ Regulatory T cells

Atrazine (ATR) is a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide widely used for agricultural purposes as well as weed control in non-crop areas. Although banned from the European Union in 2006 due to potential environmental and health risks, this common environmental toxicant is heavily used in the United States. ATR is the most common groundwater contaminant in the U.S. and millions of Americans are exposed to it daily. ATR has been associated with immune dysfunction as well as other human health risks. The mechanism by which ATR suppresses the immune system has not been defined. It is known that ATR is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, which causes intracellular accumulation of cAMP. Furthermore, ATR is classified as an endocrine disrupting compound that elevates estrogen levels by increasing aromatase activity of gonadal tissues. Both cAMP and estrogen have been implicated in altering immune function. We show that ATR causes the inhibition CD4+ T cell activation, proliferation, and effector cytokine production and that these suppressive effects can be, in part, attributed to an increase in regulatory T cells associated with ATR treatment. An increase in regulatory T cells has never been described in association with ATR exposure and could help to explain ATR-mediated immune dysfunction

FORCE AND FORESIGHT: MERGING ESIM WITH CLASSICAL POLICING MODELS FOR PROTEST MANAGEMENT

The U.S. has experienced a resurgence of public protests, a trend likely to intensify with the 2024 presidential election. This research examines the complexity of managing such events, addressing the distinctions between demonstrations, protests, and riots, and the limitations of current police responses. The research explores three primary crowd control models: command and control, negotiated management, and elaborated social identity model (ESIM). The models are compared to highlight their influence on crowd behavior, ability to predict violence, respect for human rights, and inherent limitations. An analysis of three protest movements and events—Black Lives Matter, Occupy Wall Street, and the Women’s March—tests these models to determine their effectiveness and relevance. The analysis shows that while command and control offers police an immediate response, it may contribute to violence. While negotiated management fosters dialogue, it struggles with groups lacking formal leadership or refusing to cooperate with police. The ESIM stands out for its insight into crowd psychology but requires extensive analytical capabilities and training. The research indicates that a “one size fits all” strategy to protest management is ineffective and that police should use a composite model to manage dynamic protests more effectively. The study concludes that police must recognize the unique characteristics of each protest to ensure public safety while upholding constitutional rights.Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.Civilian, Seminole County Sheriff's Offic