A Position of Influence: Variation in Offender Identification Rates by Location in a Lineup

Researchers have identified several threats to the validity of the use of the lineup as a test of true recognition. One concern is related to the structure of the simultaneous lineup. It is argued here that a simultaneous presentation of an array nonetheless requires the viewer to undertake sequential processing of the items in the array. This sequential pattern is unlikely to be random and therefore the position of a culprit in a lineup may have a significant effect on the accuracy of witness selection. A simulated crime (snatching of a handbag) was shown to a convenience sample of 84 undergraduates aged between 18–23 years. In 84 subsequent live lineups, the offender was placed with four foils. He was positioned on the far left (position 1) in 42 cases (50%), and in 14 cases respectively in positions 3 (centre), 4 (centre right) and 5 (extreme right). A very strong association was found between position and correct identification with position 1 placement leading to a significantly lower proportion of correct identification (7.1%) compared to position 3 (50.0%), position 4 (64.3%), and position 5 (21.4%). Steps to remedy possible positional biases are considered

In The Shadow Of Nuclear War: Montana's Reaction To The Cuban Missile Crisis

On a cool Great Falls, Montana, morning in October 1962, Barbara Stroup, wife of Air Force Tech Sergeant Joseph Stroup, left her house to attend a "coffee klatch" at her friend Exie Evan's house. Not thinking anything of it, she turned onto Gumwood Street between a military vehicle and what she thought was a moving van. Barb drove through the main gate into Malmstrom Air Force Base and guided her 1960 black-and-white Plymouth Fury to Cedar Street, where her friend Exie lived. She stopped in front of Exie's house, gathered her purse and coat, and reached for the car door. Barb jumped when she saw several Air Force Police Officers peering at her over the barrels of their guns.1 The officer on the driver's side motioned to her to roll down the car window, which she did with shaking hands. The officer demanded her identification and then asked her if she knew what she had done. Still unnerved by the multiple guns pointed at her, Barb nervously answered no. The officer informed her that she had interrupted a missile convoy on its way to the base. Shocked, Barb cooperated as the officer interrogated her as to her purpose. After the officer ascertained that she had not been trying to sabotage the Minuteman missile that the convoy had been transporting, he and his fellow officers stayed their guns, climbed into their vehicle, and drove off. Barb sat for a moment, then grabbed her purse and fled into Exie's house.2 Normally, the grave manner in which the officer handled the situation would have seemed excessive. But this day was different; the Cuban Missile Crisis had started just one week earlier

Squad Goals: A Content Analysis of Teen Shows over Three Decades on Television (1993-2017)

This study represents a longitudinal content analysis of the portrayals of teenagers on teenoriented situation comedies. The sample included 91 shows chosen from the archive of the Center for Research on the Effects of Television (CRETV) at Ithaca College. An initial analysis showed that many teen sitcoms take place mainly inside the home with interactions primarily between teens and their parents or siblings; those shows were excluded from this analysis in order to focus on teen relationships outside of the home. Programs were selected for analysis that were a 30-minute teen-focused situation comedy aired during the years 1994-1997, 2004-2007, or 2014-2017, and had at least 3 non-related teen characters. Content was coded for all teen dyads that occurred within the program (including family members), and demographic information (gender, age, race, relationship, and approximate age) were coded for all characters. The nature of the teen relationship was fully described for each dyad, including displays and discussion of affection, gender messages, discussions of other dyads, and put-downs. Results showed that teen-oriented situation comedies that aired in the 1990s tended to cover more serious issues such as eating disorders and drug use, while episodes that aired in the later years of the study tended to focus more on fluff (such as getting a celebrity to perform at school, or dance competitions at prom). The earlier shows were also significantly more likely to include displays of affection between significant others, while more recent shows focused primarily on samegender and mixed-gender friendships

Marketing an Ideology: An analysis of the impact of political corporate social responsibility statements on marketing strategy and millennial brand perception

The ability to adapt to a changing environment is essential for businesses that strive to consistently provide value to modern consumers. Characteristics of the external ecosystem in which companies operate can greatly alter the lens through which potential customers interpret corporate communications, perceive brands and ultimately make purchasing decisions. Two significant trends impacting today’s marketplace are the heightened polarization of the American political landscape and the increasing relevance of the millennial generation as a key audience. The convergence of these factors presents a need for marketing professionals to consider corporate responsibility messaging as a way to meet the needs and expectations of a generation that demands corporate action in ways that are both unprecedented and continually evolving. The relationship between politics and identity that denotes a key characteristic of the millennial generation represents an important component of understanding and appealing to the millennial demographic and psychographic. As a result, the convergence of these variables can best be examined through the use of corporate social responsibility statements as marketing tools to reach a consumer base that is redefining what it means for companies to be socially responsible.Through semi-structured personal interviews with academic experts and business professionals and a survey of millennial consumers, this study attempts to address several research questions relating to the impact of political corporate social responsibility statements on corporate marketing strategy and millennial brand perception. The results of the study indicate that the country’s political environment and the consumer power of millennials are important aspects for corporations to consider. While in most cases the presence of politics in corporate messaging creates unnecessary risk for stakeholders, there is significant opportunity to gain a competitive advantage if the product or service, brand, corporate story and target market align.Bachelor of Art