Increased Abundance of Lactobacillales in the Colon of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Knock Out Mouse Is Associated With Increased Gut Bacterial Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Reduced IL17 Expression in Circulating CD4+ Immune Cells

Emerging evidence suggests an associative link between gut dysbiosis, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the immune system in pathophysiology of neurogenic hypertension (HTN). However, the close interplay between these three systems presents us with difficulties in deciphering the cause-effect relationship in disease. The present study utilized beta 1 and 2 adrenergic receptor knock out (AdrB1tm1BkkAdrB2tm1Bkk/J KO) mice to isolate the effects of reduced overall sympathetic drive on gut microbiota and systemic immune system. We observed the following: (i) Diminished beta adrenergic signaling mainly reflects in shifts in the Firmicutes phyla, with a significant increase in abundance of largely beneficial Bacilli Lactobacillales in the KO mice; (ii) This was associated with increased colonic production of beneficial short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate, acetate and propionate, confirming functional microbiota shifts in the KO mice; (iii) Dampened systemic immune responses in the KO mice reflected in reduction on circulating CD4+.IL17+ T cells and increase in young neutrophils, both previously associated with shifts in the gut microbiota. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that reduced expression of beta adrenergic receptors may lead to beneficial shifts in the gut microbiota and dampened systemic immune responses. Considering the role of both in hypertension, this suggests that dietary intervention may be a viable option for manipulation of blood pressure via correcting gut dysbiosis

Receptor Activation and Inositol Lipid Hydrolysis in Neural Tissues

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66228/1/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05618.x.pd

Reduced Resident Time and Tissue Residues of Synergistic Florfenicol-Thiamphenicol Combination in Leghorn Chickens

In vivo synergistic antimicrobial effects against pathogens in chickens have been reported for florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TAP) at a ratio of 1:2. The present study evaluates the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of a single combined intramuscular treatment of FF+TAP at 1/6 and 1/3 of their respective recommended doses in 5-week old broiler chickens. The drug concentrations were determined by LC/MS/MS. Significant reductions were observed in the Cmax (0.045 and 2.64 µg/mL for FF and TAP, respectively) and AUC (0.13 and 7.19 h•µg/mL for FF and TAP, respectively) compared to corresponding values reported for the recommended dose (up to two orders of magnitude lower). Tissue FF (10.6-88.4 µg/kg) and TAP concentrations (6.5-147.0 µg/kg) declined below the maximum residue limit within only one day except for TAP residue in skin/fat. This experiment provided supporting evidence for a complete study that synergistic FFTAP has potential benefits over monotherapy since drug residues could be greatly reduced; much shorter withdrawal period was strongly indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR

Detection of undeclared animal by-products in commercial canine canned foods: Comparative analyses by ELISA and PCR-RFLP coupled with slab gel electrophoresis or capillary gel electrophoresis

The potential presence of undeclared animal by-products in pet foods is not subject to routine examination. Previously published methods for species-based identification of animal by-products have not been used routinely owing to inconsistent results. The present study evaluated the utility of several approaches for accurate identification of animal by-products in 11 commercial brands of canine canned foods

OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Regional Differences in Ethyicholine Mustard Aziridinium Ion (AF64A)-Induced Deficits in Presynaptic Cholinergic Markers for the Rat Central Nervous System1

ABSTRACT ABBREVIATiONS: SDAT, senile dementia of the Aizheimer's type; AF64A, ethyicholine mustard aziridinium ion; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; SDHACU, sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake; PZ, pirenzepine; HC-3, hemicholinium-3; QNB, quinuclidinyl benzilate; CD, cis-methyldioxolane; acetyl CoA, acetyl Coenzyme; ANOVA, analysis of variance. 57

Assessment of veterinary drugs in plants using pharmacokinetic approaches: The absorption, distribution and elimination of tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole in ephemeral vegetables.

The present study was carried out to demonstrate novel use of pharmacokinetic approaches to characterize drug behaviors/movements in the vegetables with implications to food safety. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and most importantly, the elimination of tetracycline (TC) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in edible plants Brassica rapa chinensis and Ipomoea aquatica grown hydroponically were demonstrated and studied using non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The results revealed drug-dependent and vegetable-dependent pharmacokinetic differences and indicated that ephemeral vegetables could have high capacity accumulating antibiotics (up to 160 μg g-1 for TC and 38 μg g-1 for SMX) within hours. TC concentration in the root (Cmax) could reach 11 times higher than that in the cultivation fluid and 3-28 times higher than the petioles/stems. Based on the volume of distribution (Vss), SMX was 3-6 times more extensively distributed than TC. Both antibiotics showed evident, albeit slow elimination phase with elimination half-lives ranging from 22 to 88 hours. For the first time drug elimination through the roots of a plant was demonstrated, and by viewing the root as a central compartment and continuous infusion without a loading dose as drug administration mode, it is possible to pharmacokinetically monitor the movement of antibiotics and their fate in the vegetables with more detailed information not previously available. Phyto-pharmacokinetic could be a new area worth developing new models for the assessment of veterinary drugs in edible plants