Exploratory factor analysis of the depression, stress, anxiety scale (DASS-21, <i>N</i> = 166).

<p>Exploratory factor analysis of the depression, stress, anxiety scale (DASS-21, <i>N</i> = 166).</p

Exploratory factor analysis of the insomnia subscale of the sleep-50 questionnaire (<i>N</i> = 166).

<p>Exploratory factor analysis of the insomnia subscale of the sleep-50 questionnaire (<i>N</i> = 166).</p

Descriptive statistics for those providing self-report data and those providing objective sleep data.

<p>Descriptive statistics for those providing self-report data and those providing objective sleep data.</p

A partially and fully mediated model of the relationship between problems sleeping and paranoid thinking with factor loadings and standardized regression weights.

<p>Note: e = error, d = disturbance, SO = sleep onset, SM = sleep maintenance, NA = negative affect. P = paranoia. Rectangular boxes represent indicator variables (e.g., survey responses) which have been parcelled together to form an average (e.g., SO1 and SO2 are parcels consisting of items representing sleep onset), ovals represent latent variables while circles represent error or disturbance. Solid lines represent a fully mediated model; while the addition of the two dashed lines form a partially mediated model.</p

Confirmatory factor analysis.

<p>Note: e = error, SO = problems with sleep onset, SM = problems with sleep maintenance, NA = negative affect. P = paranoia. Rectangular boxes represent indicator variables (e.g., items from the DASS-21) that have been parcelled together to form an average (e.g., SO1 and SO2 are parcels consisting of items representing sleep onset), ovals represent latent variables while circles represent error or disturbance.</p

Summary of retained items and communalities after extraction for Part B of the green paranoid thoughts scale (<i>N</i> = 166).

<p>Summary of retained items and communalities after extraction for Part B of the green paranoid thoughts scale (<i>N</i> = 166).</p

Moderators of Intervention Effects on Body Image.

<p><i>k</i> = number of effect sizes; <i>d</i>_<i>+</i> = sample-weighted average effect size; <i>95% CI</i> = 95% confidence interval; <i>Q</i> = homogeneity <i>Q</i> statistic; <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> = homogeneity <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> statistic.</p><p>* <i>p</i> < 0.05</p><p>*** <i>p</i> < 0.001.</p><p>Moderators of Intervention Effects on Body Image.</p

Effect Sizes for Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis.

<p><i>N</i>_c = Number of participants in the control condition; <i>N</i>_<i>e</i> = Number of participants in the experimental condition; <i>d</i>₊ = sample-weighted average effect size; <i>95% CI</i> = 95% confidence interval.</p><p>^a Females.</p><p>^b Males.</p><p>^c Dance aerobics.</p><p>^d Step aerobics.</p><p>^e Video Intervention 1.</p><p>^f Video Intervention 2.</p><p>^g Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT).</p><p>^h Fitness training intervention.</p><p>ⁱ Gratitude diaries.</p><p>^j Monitoring and restructuring.</p><p>^k High-risk women.</p><p>^l Low-risk women.</p><p>^m 3^rd and 4^th grade students.</p><p>ⁿ 5^th and 6^th grade students.</p><p>^o Cycling.</p><p>^p Running.</p><p>^q Swimming.</p><p>^r Face-to-face intervention.</p><p>^s Internet intervention.</p><p>^t Feminist intervention.</p><p>^u Psychoeducation intervention.</p><p>^v Rosen, Orosan, & Reiter [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref076" target="_blank">76</a>].</p><p>^w Rosen, Reiter, & Orosan [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref077" target="_blank">77</a>].</p><p>^x Cognitive therapy.</p><p>^y To accommodate testing for two experimental conditions, the sample size of the control group has been divided by two.</p><p>Measures of body image are coded as follows: 1 = Adult Body Satisfaction Questionnaire (ABSQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref078" target="_blank">78</a>]): Satisfaction with Physical Appearance Subscale; 2 = Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref079" target="_blank">79</a>]); 3 = Body Appreciation Scale (BAS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref080" target="_blank">80</a>]); 4 = Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref081" target="_blank">81</a>]); 5 = Body Esteem Scale (BES, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref082" target="_blank">82</a>]); 6 = BES [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref082" target="_blank">82</a>]: Sexual Attractiveness Subscale; 7 = Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BES, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref083" target="_blank">83</a>]): Appearance Body Esteem Subscale; 8 = BES [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref083" target="_blank">83</a>]: Weight Body Esteem Subscale; 9 = Body Esteem Scale for Children [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref084" target="_blank">84</a>]; 10 = Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref085" target="_blank">85</a>]); 11 = Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref086" target="_blank">86</a>]); 12 = Body Image States Scale (BISS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref087" target="_blank">87</a>]); 13 = Body Parts Dissatisfaction Scale (BPDS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref088" target="_blank">88</a>]): Number of Body Parts Wished Smaller; 14 = BPDS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref088" target="_blank">88</a>]: Number of Body Parts with Which Content; 15 = Body Parts Satisfaction Scale (BPSS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref089" target="_blank">89</a>]): Body Parts Satisfaction Subscale; 16 = BPSS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref089" target="_blank">89</a>]: Overall Appearance Satisfaction Subscale; 17 = Body Satisfaction and Body Change Inventory (BSBCI, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref090" target="_blank">90</a>]): Body Satisfaction Subscale; 18 = Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref091" target="_blank">91</a>]); 19 = Body Shape Questionnaire- Short Form (BSQ-SF, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref092" target="_blank">92</a>]); 20 = Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (BSRQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref093" target="_blank">93</a>]): Appearance Evaluation Subscale; 21 = Berscheid, Walster, and Bohrnstedt Body Image Questionnaire [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref089" target="_blank">89</a>]; 22 = Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref094" target="_blank">94</a>]); 23 = Child and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile (CY-PSPP, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref095" target="_blank">95</a>]): Body Attractiveness Subscale; 24 = Eating Disorders Inventory–II (EDI-II, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref096" target="_blank">96</a>]): Body Dissatisfaction Subscale; 25 = Figure Rating Scale (FRS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref097" target="_blank">97</a>]); 26 = Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref098" target="_blank">98</a>]): Appearance Evaluation Subscale; 27 = MBSRQ [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref098" target="_blank">98</a>]: Body Areas Satisfaction Subscale; 28 = Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref099" target="_blank">99</a>]: State Nonweight Subscale; 29 = PASTAS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref099" target="_blank">99</a>]: State Weight Subscale; 30 = PASTAS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref099" target="_blank">99</a>]: Trait Weight Subscale; 31 = Marsh Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref100" target="_blank">100</a>]); 32 = Physical Self-Perceptions-Inventory (PSPP, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref101" target="_blank">101</a>]): Bodily Attractiveness Subscale; 33 = Physical Self-Concept Scale (PSS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref102" target="_blank">102</a>]): Perception of Appreciation of Physical Appearance Subscale; 34 = PSS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref102" target="_blank">102</a>]: Perception of Physical Appearance Subscale; 35 = Satisfaction with Body Parts Scale (SBPS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref089" target="_blank">89</a>]); 36 = Self-Report Behavioral Avoidance Questionnaire [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref103" target="_blank">103</a>]; 37 = Self-reported current weight = self-reported ideal weight; 38 = Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria–Short Form (SIBID-S, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref104" target="_blank">104</a>]); 39 = Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref105" target="_blank">105</a>]); 40 = Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref106" target="_blank">106</a>]: Physical Appearance Subscale; 41 = State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref107" target="_blank">107</a>]): Appearance Subscale; 42 = Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) to assess body satisfaction; 43 = VAS to assess feelings of beauty; 44 = VAS to assess muscle dissatisfaction [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref108" target="_blank">108</a>]; 45 = VAS to assess weight dissatisfaction [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref108" target="_blank">108</a>].</p><p>Measures of beauty ideal internalisation are coded as follows: 1 = Questions about desire to look like TV and pop stars; 2 = Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref109" target="_blank">109</a>]): Internalization of the Thin Ideal Subscale; 3 = Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-III (SATAQ-III, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref110" target="_blank">110</a>]): General Internalization Subscale.</p><p>Measures of social comparison tendencies are coded as follows: 1 = Body Comparisons Scale (BCS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref111" target="_blank">111</a>]); 2 = Physical Appearance Beliefs Test (PABT, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref112" target="_blank">112</a>]): Social Comparisons Subscale; 3 = Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref113" target="_blank">113</a>]).</p><p>Effect Sizes for Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis.</p

Funnel Plot of Effect Sizes (d₊) for Body Image.

<p>s.e. = standard error.</p

Overall Effect of Interventions on Outcomes.

<p><i>k</i> = number of effect sizes; <i>d</i>_<i>+</i> = sample-weighted average effect size; <i>95% CI</i> = 95% confidence interval; <i>Q</i> = homogeneity <i>Q</i> statistic; <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> = homogeneity <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> statistic.</p><p>*** <i>p</i> < 0.001.</p><p>Overall Effect of Interventions on Outcomes.</p