12,807 research outputs found
Innovation in India and China : Challenges and Prospects in Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology
India and China are important players in an evolving process of globalization of research and development (R&D). Focusing on pharmaceuticals and biotechnology industries, this paper analyses the challenges and prospects facing the two countries in global innovation. Large supplies of highly skilled professionals and well-established science and technology infrastructures are important assets for India and China in the era of globalization of R&D. At the same time, however, there is a concern that as globalization of R&D gathers steam, the poor in India, China and other developing countries are likely to be left out of the new innovations. A good example is the case of Indias pharmaceuticals industry. The leading Indian pharmaceutical firms have responded well to the challenge of a strict intellectual property rights (IPR) regime by increasing their R&D spending and, simultaneously, targeting their sales to the generic drugs markets in North America and Europe. But even as Indias top drug firms have been growing in technological capabilities and taking part in the globalization of pharmaceuticals R&D, they have also been shifting their focus away from the market for medicines for poor patients.India, China, innovation, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology
Resummation of Goldstone Infrared Divergences: A Proof to All Orders
The perturbative effective potential calculated in Landau gauge suffers from
infrared problems due to Goldstone boson loops. These divergences are spurious
and can be removed by a resummation procedure that amounts to a shift of the
mass of soft Goldstones. We prove this to all loops using an effective theory
approach, providing a compact recipe for the shift of the Goldstone mass that
relies on the use of the method of regions to split soft and hard Goldstone
contributions.Comment: 30 pages, 3 figure
Geometry applications of irreducible representations of Lie Groups
In this note we give proofs of the following three algebraic facts which have applications in the theory of holonomy groups and homogeneous spaces: Any irreducibly acting connected subgroup G \subset Gl(n,\rr) is closed. Moreover, if admits an invariant bilinear form of Lorentzian signature, is maximal, i.e. it is conjugated to . We calculate the vector space of -invariant symmetric bilinear forms, show that it is at most -dimensional, and determine the maximal stabilizers for each dimension. Finally, we give some applications and present some open problem
A Lighthouse Effect in Eta Carinae
We present a new model for the behavior of scattered time-dependent,
asymmetric near-UV emission from the nearby ejecta of {\eta} Car. Using a 3-D
hydrodynamical simulation of {\eta} Car's binary colliding winds, we show that
the 3-D binary orientation derived by Madura et al. (2012) is capable of
explaining the asymmetric near-UV variability observed in the Hubble Space
Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys/High Resolution Camera (HST ACS/HRC)
F220W images of Smith et al. (2004b). Models assuming a binary orientation with
i ~ 130 to 145 degrees, {\omega} ~ 230 to 315 degrees, PAz ~ 302 to 327 degrees
are consistent with the observed F220W near-UV images. We find that the hot
binary companion does not significantly contribute to the near-UV excess
observed in the F220W images. Rather, we suggest that a bore-hole effect and
the reduction of Fe II optical depths inside the wind-wind collision cavity
carved in the extended photosphere of the primary star lead to the
time-dependent directional illumination of circum-binary material as the
companion moves about in its highly elliptical orbit.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Contact process with temporal disorder
We investigate the influence of time-varying environmental noise, i.e.,
temporal disorder, on the nonequilibrium phase transition of the contact
process. Combining a real-time renormalization group, scaling theory, and large
scale Monte-Carlo simulations in one and two dimensions, we show that the
temporal disorder gives rise to an exotic critical point. At criticality, the
effective noise amplitude diverges with increasing time scale, and the
probability distribution of the density becomes infinitely broad, even on a
logarithmic scale. Moreover, the average density and survival probability decay
only logarithmically with time. This infinite-noise critical behavior can be
understood as the temporal counterpart of infinite-randomness critical behavior
in spatially disordered systems, but with exchanged roles of space and time. We
also analyze the generality of our results, and we discuss potential
experiments.Comment: 14 pages, 16 eps figures included. Final version as publishe
The Chemical Compositions Of RR Lyrae Type C Variable Stars
We present a detailed chemical abundance study of eight RR Lyrae variable stars of subclass c (RRc). The target RRc stars chosen for study exhibit "Blazhko-effect" period and amplitude modulations to their pulsational cycles. Data for this study were gathered with the echelle spectrograph of the 100 inch du Pont telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. Spectra were obtained throughout each star's pulsation cycle. Atmospheric parameters-effective temperature, surface gravity, microturbulent velocity, and metallicity-were derived at multiple phase points. We found metallicities and element abundance ratios to be constant within observational uncertainties over the pulsational cycles of all stars. Moreover, the alpha-element and Fe-group abundance ratios with respect to iron are consistent with other horizontal-branch members (RRab, blue and red non-variables). Finally, we have used the [Fe/H] values of these eight RRc stars to anchor the metallicity estimates of a large-sample RRc snapshot spectroscopic study being conducted with the same telescope and instrument combination employed here.NSF AST-0908978, AST-1211585Baker Centennial Research EndowmentJohn W. Cox Endowment for the Advanced Studies in AstronomyMcDonald Observator
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