Extending General Equilibrium to the Tariff Line: U.S. Dairy in the Doha Development Agenda

International Relations/Trade,

Extending General Equilibrium to the Tariff Line: U.S. Dairy in the DOHA Development Agenda

Market access has been at the core of eight negotiating rounds of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Yet, agricultural trade remains a heavily protected sector, characterized by higher tariffs relative to industrial goods, large tariff dispersions, numerous specific tariffs and systems of tariff-rate-quotas. This has made the analysis of trade liberalization a formidable task among policy analysts. Previous studies of agricultural trade liberalization have used partial or general equilibrium models of trade. However, each of these modeling strategies has their drawbacks. General equilibrium (GE) models have been criticized because they face serious aggregation issues and miss much of the policy detail that occurs at the tariff line. Partial equilibrium (PE) models on the other hand are often more disaggregated but lack internal consistency and have nothing to say about the economy-wide effects from trade reform. The purpose of this paper is threefold. One, we develop a methodology that combines PE and GE modeling techniques permitting us to extend GE to the tariff line. Two, we introduce a fully disaggregated U.S. dairy sector and compare PE and GE liberalization results from global dairy reform, thereby offering some insight into the potential errors implicit in current GE studies. Finally, we illustrate how our methodology allows for an explicit treatment of tariff rate quotas in the U.S. dairy sector on a bilateral basis for narrowly defined product lines.agricultural trade, mixed-complementarity problem, partial equilibrium, general equilibrium, Doha Development Agenda, WTO, International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries, F01, F17, Q17, Q18,

Effectiveness of Surface Application of Phosphorus and Potassium on Yield of No-Till Corn Grown on Soils Testing Low or Medium Below a Depth of 3 Inches

When crops are grown continuously under no-tillage or very minimum tillage, there is a tendency for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to become concentrated at or near the soil surface. This occurs when P and K fertilizers are broadcast on the surface and not mixed with the soil as would occur with plowing. The result is a stratification of P and K such that the surface few inches become very high in those nutrients, but soil test levels remain largely unaffected below that. The question is whether high yields of no-till crops can be obtained under these conditions

Delayed Nitrogen Applications on Corn

A method of fertilizer application that was standard practice 30 to 50 years ago has become important once again, and for the same reason. When nitrogen fertilizer was expensive and corn was cheap, it was considered prudent to save back some of the nitrogen fertilizer and apply it when the corn was knee-high. This was thought to be safer because some of the nitrogen added at planting might be lost before the corn was big enough to take advantage of it. The increasing cost of nitrogen fertilizer has made efficient use of this product important again

Influence of Soil Type on Nitrogen Fertilization of Corn

In Kentucky, response of corn to nitrogen fertilizer is influenced strongly by soil characteristics. These soil properties are of both a permanent and temporary nature

Fertilization of Double-Crop Soybeans

The improvement of minimum-and no-tillage methods has helped increase the double-cropped acreage of soybeans in Kentucky to about 700,000 acres. Similar increases have been observed in our neighboring states. Most double-cropped soybeans in Kentucky follow winter wheat harvested for grain. Thus, they are at a disadvantage if the wheat leaves the soybean crop with a nutrient-deficient soil

Using Residual Soil Fertility Effectively

During the past 30 years, the use of commercial fertilizer in Kentucky has resulted in increases in the levels of phosphorus and potassium in soils. As might be expected, the soil test levels are higher with tobacco than with any other crop. but all soils for all crops show increases in fertility levels. Comparisons between 1975 and 1985 (the latest year available) show the proportion of samples sent to the University of Kentucky that are medium or high in soil test phosphorus has increased considerably. Even more striking is the decrease in very low values of phosphorus

The Relation Between Soil Characteristics, Water Movement and Nitrate Contamination of Ground Water

Soils from several areas in Kentucky were placed in columns and leached with Ca(NO3)2. Subsoils high in iron oxide were found to retard the leaching of nitrate very significantly. In other soils, the nitrate moved through as fast as or slightly faster than the water. Field application of nitrogen to corn was most efficient when done in the spring or summer near the time that the corn takes it up. The one exception to this was a red soil, where fall application of nitrogen resulted in little loss due to the retarding effect mentioned in the first paragraph. Soils on which a sod or cover crop is killed and in which corn is planted have little loss of water by evaporation. Because of this, much more water movement occurs and nitrate moves out of the soil during the summer. In contrast, the soil without a killed sod mulch suffers no loss of nitrate during the growing season. Stream samples taken in 1971 and 1972 during the months of January through May showed a poor relation between nitrate in the water and land use, The highest nitrate was found in a stream draining a grassland watershed where little fertilizer is used. The tile drain effluent and total water reaching a drainage ditch were determined. The nitrate in the tile effluent was much higher than that in the non-tile drainage. This leads to the conclusion that the nitrate concentrations of tile effluents are not reliable indicators of nitrate leaving a tiled field

No Tillage Use for Crop Production in Kentucky Counties in 1996

Two years ago, we reported the status of notillage adoption in Kentucky counties in the year 1994. Now, CTIC has published the results for 1996. As before, Kentucky leads the nation in percent of crops produced under no tillage, but the percentage has increased significantly. In 1994, 44% of crops were produced under no tillage in Kentucky, whereas in 1996, that figure had reached 51 %. The results for both 1994 and 1996 are shown in Table 1. It is evident that Kentucky has both maintained first place and has also increased its lead over the other states. The percentage of crops grown under no tillage in each county is shown in Figure 1. Results by crop and average values for each county and for the state are shown in Table 2

Water Relationships of Kentucky Soils

Plant water stress is the most limiting single factor in crop production in Kentucky. It almost always occurs sometime during July and/or August even though it\u27s variability makes it hard to predict. Even though the 1979 growing season was an exception to this generalization the 1980 growing season was a vivid reminder of this fact especially in Western Kentucky