Education: A More Powerful Weapon Than War?

In this paper, I analyze the impact of education on civil war onset, utilizing variables measuring length of compulsory education and number of internal armed conflicts in a given country per year. Using data from the Quality of Government Institute’s Quality of Government Standard Time Series data set, I test this hypothesis and find that an increase in compulsory education length decreases the expected number of internal armed conflicts. The results suggest further importance of education as a great equalizer among individuals as well as nations

Atmospheric leptons, the search for a prompt component

The flux of high-energy (>GeV) neutrinos consists primarily of those produced by cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere. The contribution from extraterrestrial sources is still unknown. Current limits suggest that the observed spectrum is dominated by atmospheric neutrinos up to at least 100 TeV. The contribution of charmed hadrons to the flux of atmospheric neutrinos is important in the context of the search for astrophysical neutrinos because the spectrum of such "prompt" neutrinos is harder than that of "conventional" neutrinos from decay of pions and kaons. The prompt component therefore becomes increasingly important as energy increases. This paper reviews the status of the search for prompt muons and neutrinos with emphasis on the complementary aspects of muons, electron neutrinos and muon neutrinos

Horace and Catullus: the Case of the Suppressed Precursor in 'Odes' 1.22 and 1.32

Classic

Hormone Receptor Site Maturation in the Secondary Sex Organs of Immature Male and Female Rats

The effect of a combined dose of pregnant mares\u27 serum (PAAS) and human chor ionic gonadotropin (HCG) on male and female rats 2-25 days old was studied. Groups of animals were given injections for three days, then sacrificed on the fourth day. All injections were begun on the 2nd, 7th, 12th, 17th, and 22nd day of life. Ovaries, uteri, seminal vesicles (SV), and ventral prostate (VP) were removed, dissected free of fat, and weighed. Because uterine weight increased earlier than either SV or VP weight, the ability of the uterus to respond to exogenous estradiol and of the SV and VP to respond to exogenous testosterone was examined. The injection schedule, age groups, and day of sacrifice were the same as above. The uterine response to estrogen was found to appear earlier than the VP-SV response totestosterone. The observations suggest that the receptor sites for estrogen may mature earlier than the receptor sites for testosterone

Atmospheric Lepton Fluxes

This review of atmospheric muons and neutrinos emphasizes the high energy range relevant for backgrounds to high-energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin. After a brief historical introduction, the main distinguishing features of atmospheric $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_e$ are discussed, along with the implications of the muon charge ratio for the $\nu_\mu/\bar{\nu}_\mu$ ratio. Methods to account for effects of the knee in the primary cosmic-ray spectrum and the energy-dependence of hadronic interactions on the neutrino fluxes are discussed and illustrated in the context of recent results from IceCube. A simple numerical/analytic method is proposed for systematic investigation of uncertainties in neutrino fluxes arising from uncertainties in the primary cosmic-ray spectrum/composition and hadronic interactions.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, for Proceedings of ISVHECRI 2014 This revised version corrects a typo in Eq. 11. There are no changes in the results (the typo was only in the LaTeX, not in the code

Primary spectrum and composition with IceCube/IceTop

IceCube, with its surface array IceTop, detects three different components of extensive air showers: the total signal at the surface, GeV muons in the periphery of the showers and TeV muons in the deep array of IceCube. The spectrum is measured with high resolution from the knee to the ankle with IceTop. Composition and spectrum are extracted from events seen in coincidence by the surface array and the deep array of IceCube. The muon lateral distribution at the surface is obtained from the data and used to provide a measurement of the muon density at 600 meters from the shower core up to 30 PeV. Results are compared to measurements from other experiments to obtain an overview of the spectrum and composition over an extended range of energy. Consistency of the surface muon measurements with hadronic interaction models and with measurements at higher energy is discussed.Comment: To appear in Proceedings of CRIS 2015, Sept. 14-16, 2015, Gallipoli, Italy. 14 figure