798 research outputs found
Probabilistic Reasoning with Abstract Argumentation Frameworks
Abstract argumentation offers an appealing way of representing and evaluating arguments
and counterarguments. This approach can be enhanced by considering probability
assignments on arguments, allowing for a quantitative treatment of formal argumentation.
In this paper, we regard the assignment as denoting the degree of belief that an agent
has in an argument being acceptable. While there are various interpretations of this, an
example is how it could be applied to a deductive argument. Here, the degree of belief that
an agent has in an argument being acceptable is a combination of the degree to which it
believes the premises, the claim, and the derivation of the claim from the premises. We
consider constraints on these probability assignments, inspired by crisp notions from classical
abstract argumentation frameworks and discuss the issue of probabilistic reasoning
with abstract argumentation frameworks. Moreover, we consider the scenario when assessments
on the probabilities of a subset of the arguments are given and the probabilities
of the remaining arguments have to be derived, taking both the topology of the argumentation
framework and principles of probabilistic reasoning into account. We generalise
this scenario by also considering inconsistent assessments, i.e., assessments that contradict
the topology of the argumentation framework. Building on approaches to inconsistency
measurement, we present a general framework to measure the amount of conflict of these
assessments and provide a method for inconsistency-tolerant reasoning
Towards Large-scale Inconsistency Measurement
We investigate the problem of inconsistency measurement on large knowledge
bases by considering stream-based inconsistency measurement, i.e., we
investigate inconsistency measures that cannot consider a knowledge base as a
whole but process it within a stream. For that, we present, first, a novel
inconsistency measure that is apt to be applied to the streaming case and,
second, stream-based approximations for the new and some existing inconsistency
measures. We conduct an extensive empirical analysis on the behavior of these
inconsistency measures on large knowledge bases, in terms of runtime, accuracy,
and scalability. We conclude that for two of these measures, the approximation
of the new inconsistency measure and an approximation of the contension
inconsistency measure, large-scale inconsistency measurement is feasible.Comment: International Workshop on Reactive Concepts in Knowledge
Representation (ReactKnow 2014), co-located with the 21st European Conference
on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI 2014). Proceedings of the International
Workshop on Reactive Concepts in Knowledge Representation (ReactKnow 2014),
pages 63-70, technical report, ISSN 1430-3701, Leipzig University, 2014.
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-15056
Optimization of dialectical outcomes in dialogical argumentation
When informal arguments are presented, there may be imprecision in the language
used, and so the audience may be uncertain as to the structure of the argument
graph as intended by the presenter of the arguments. For a presenter of
arguments, it is useful to know the audience’s argument graph, but the presenter
may be uncertain as to the structure of it. To model the uncertainty as to the structure
of the argument graph in situations such as these, we can use probabilistic
argument graphs. The set of subgraphs of an argument graph is a sample space. A
probability value is assigned to each subgraph such that the sum is 1, thereby re-
flecting the uncertainty over which is the actual subgraph. We can then determine
the probability that a particular set of arguments is included or excluded from an
extension according to a particular Dung semantics. We represent and reason with
extensions from a graph and from its subgraphs, using a logic of dialectical outcomes
that we present. We harness this to define the notion of an argumentation
lottery, which can be used by the audience to determine the expected utility of a
debate, and can be used by the presenter to decide which arguments to present by
choosing those that maximize expected utility. We investigate some of the options
for using argumentation lotteries, and provide a computational evaluation
Use marketing strategy in the intrnet space
This article deals with the theory and practice of modern methods of promotion products by industrial. The features of the concept of marketing in the Internet space and theiradvantages
Many-body theory of the quantum mirage
In recent scanning tunneling microscopy experiments, confinement in an
elliptical corral has been used to project the Kondo effect from one focus to
the other one. I solve the Anderson model at arbitrary temperatures, for an
impurity hybridized with eigenstates of an elliptical corral, each of which has
a resonant level width delta. This width is crucial. If delta < 20 meV, the
Kondo peak disappears, while if delta > 80 meV, the mirage disappears. For
particular conditions, a stronger mirage with the impurity out of the foci is
predicted.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures. Some clarifications of the method added, and a
reference included to show that the hybridization of the impurity with bulk
states can be neglecte
Epistemic attack semantics
We present a probabilistic interpretation of the plausibility of attacks in abstract argumentation frameworks by extending the epistemic approach to probabilistic argumentation with probabilities on attacks. By doing so we also generalise the previously proposed attack semantics by Villata et al. to the probabilistic setting and provide a fine-grained assessment of the plausibility of attacks. We also consider the setting where partial probabilistic information on arguments and/or attacks is given and missing probabilities have to be derived
Belief in attacks in epistemic probabilistic argumentation
The epistemic approach to probabilistic argumentation assigns belief to arguments. This is valuable in dialogical argumentation where one agent can model the beliefs another agent has in the arguments and this can be harnessed to make strategic choices of arguments to present. In this paper, we extend this epistemic approach by also representing the belief in attacks. We investigate properties of this proposal and compare it to the constellations approach showing neither subsumes the other
A Keck Survey of Gravitational Lens Systems: I. Spectroscopy of SBS 0909+532, HST 1411+5211, and CLASS B2319+051
We present new results from a continuing Keck program to study gravitational
lens systems. We have obtained redshifts for three lens systems, SBS 0909+532,
HST 1411+5211, and CLASS B2319+051. For all of these systems, either the source
or lens redshift (or both) has been previously unidentified. We find (z_l, z_s)
= (0.830, 1.377) for SBS 0909+532; (z_l, z_s) = (0.465, 2.811) for HST
1411+5211, although the source redshift is still tentative; and (z_l1, z_l2) =
(0.624, 0.588) for the two lensing galaxies in CLASS B2319+051. The background
radio source in B2319+051 has not been detected optically; its redshift is,
therefore, still unknown. We find that the spectral features of the central
lensing galaxy in all three systems are typical of an early-type galaxy. The
observed image splittings in SBS 0909+532 and HST 1411+5211 imply that the
masses within the Einstein ring radii of the lensing galaxies are 1.4 x 10^{11}
and 2.0 x 10^{11} h^{-1} M_sun, respectively. The resulting B band
mass-to-light ratio for HST 1411+5211 is 41.3 +/- 1.2 h (M/L)_sun, a factor of
5 times higher than the average early-type lensing galaxy. This large
mass-to-light is almost certainly the result of the additional mass
contribution from the cluster CL 3C295 at z = 0.46. For the lensing galaxy in
SBS 0909+532, we measure (M/L)_B = 4^{+11}_{-3} h (M/L)_sun where the large
errors are the result of significant uncertainty in the galaxy luminosity.
While we cannot measure directly the mass-to-light ratio of the lensing galaxy
in B2319+051, we estimate that (M/L)_B is between 3-7 h (M/L)_sun.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomical Journal. 21 pages, including
7 figure
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