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Not AvailableZinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for human health and about 50 % of Indian population are at the risk of its deficiency mainly due to consumption of low Zn food crops grown on Zn deficient soils. Biofortification of Zn in seed through mineral fertilization and breeding and selection for high grain Zn density crop genotypes increase the Zn intake in human. Indian effort on this, started about 15 years ago, in staple food crops are summarised here. The rice is a poor source of Zn and polished rice of common Indian rice varieties show 20 mg kg-1 Zn. The average grain Zn in wheat cultivars of India is about 25 mg kg-1 and hence new high Zn cultivars Akshai, BHU5, Zinc Shakthi, Pusa wheat 111 (HD 2932), HI 1563 with 8-12 mg kg-1 more Zn were developed. Groundnut is a good source of Zn with high variability (22-94 mg kg-1 Zn in seed) among cultivars, and TKG 19A, ICGV 86590, M 145, M 197, Tirupati 3, CO 2, CSMG 884 and GG 7 are high Zn density cultivars with > 63 mg kg-1 Zn in their seeds. In sorghum, CS 3541 and HC 308 are high Zn cultivars with > 40 mg kg-1 Zn and NSH 703, GK 4035, Mahabeej 703 and NSH 702 are hybrids with > 31 mg kg-1 Zn. Pearl millet contains 32–54 mg kg-1Zn. Pulses are also rich in Zn (30-60 mg kg-1), but due to presence of phytic acid, the bioavailability of Zn decreases. Also the foliar application of zinc sulphate increases 10-60 % Zn in seed of various crops. These high Zn density crop cultivars need their extensive cultivation and consumption as food to ensure adequate Zn uptake and combat its malnutrition in India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAlternaria leaf blight is major fungal disease of summer groundnut, causes significant loss of haulm and pod yield. Aims of this study were to understand the role of metabolites and phenylpropanoid related enzymes in Alternaria leaf blight resistance and to find out metabolic marker for disease resistance. Alternaria leaf blight resistant (GPBD4 and CS186) and susceptible genotypes (GG2 and TPG41) of groundnut were grown in pots during rabisummer 2015. Groundnut plants were infected with Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler at 40 days after sowing. 5 days after infection, upper second leaves were collected from both control and infected plants for analysis. A total of 67 metabolites comprising sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, sterols and phenolic were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (non-targeted metabolomics). Constitutive levels of alpha- D-galactoside, D-mannitol, D-erythropentitol, glycine, and hexadecanoic acid were observed higher in resistant genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. Moreover, arabinofuranose, cinnamic acid, 2-butendioic acid, and linoleic acid were observed only in resistant genotypes at both control and infected stage. In susceptible genotypes myo-inositol, glucose and fructose content was increased after infection with pathogen while decreased in resistant genotypes. Resistant genotypes had higher constitutive level of cinnamic and salicylic acid compared to susceptible genotypes. Non-infected leaves of resistant genotypes also had higher activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase activities. Our results suggest that metabolites specifically present in resistant genotypes impart defense mechanism against Alternaria pathogen and can be used as bio-marker for screening of germplasm.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA total of 60 compounds of known structure, comprising sugars, sugar alcohols, fatty acids, amino acids, organic acids, phenols and sterols were identified in stem extracts of groundnut using GC-MS. Sugars and fatty acids were predominant in stem extracts as compared to other metabolites. Distinguished metabolite patterns were observed in control and 96 h after infection (h.a.i.). Succinic acid, pentitol, scopolin, D-glucose and D-turanose, myo-inositol, fructose and mannitol were observed to be higher in control plants, whereas, D-ribopyranoside, thymol, pentadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid increased at 24 hai than that of control. Interestingly, phenol related compounds such as phenol, hydroquinone, guaicol-.beta.-d-glucopyranoside, scopolin were also found lower in non-infected stems of TG37A. Moreover, tolerant genotypes (CS 319 and CS 19) had higher content of Thymol-.beta.-d-glucopyranoside, pentitol, D-glucose, D-turanose, scopolin and hydroquinone than that of moderately tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Sugar profiles using Ion chromatography revealed that glucose content decreased in moderately susceptible and susceptible genotype after S. rolfsii infection. Both constitutive and induced levels of cinnamic acid was observed higher in resistant genotypes than that of susceptible ones which was further supported by phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. Thus, our study demonstrates the biological role of metabolites specifically sugars, phenolics and fatty acids in plant defense responses.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePeanut is the prime choice other than cereals for providing nutrition for urban and rural livelihood. It is now widely cultivated throughout the tropical and sub- tropical countries of Africa, Asia, North and South Americas where about 47 million tonnes of pods are produced from about 28 million hectares. The consumption has grown at a rate of 2.53% and is expected to grow further in the years to come. India is the second largest producer as well as consumer of peanut in the world with 68.57 lakh tonnes production (FAO, 2019). The crop area in India is at 40.12 lakh ha in 2018-19 down from 41.35 lakh ha in last year. Similarly, production and yield are estimated at 37.70 lakh tonnes and 931 Kg/ha respectively as against 52.75 lakh tonnes and 1269 Kg/ha respectively during previous year (Fig. 1). India alone has exported peanut (in shell) of worth rupees three thousand crores in 2018-2019 (Fig. 1). Around 50 per cent of peanut exports from India are destined to Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines and Malaysia (Fig. 2). Peanut are consumed worldwide either as raw or as roasted, roasted-and-salted, fried, or boiled. It is also considered a ready‐to‐use therapeutic food (RUTF) to treat protein energy malnutrition in children. There are more than 50 million children in the world who suffer from malnutrition. Peanuts have been helping to fight childhood malnutrition across the world since 2005 in the form of RUTFs. The RUTF product is a peanut paste that also contains skimmed milk powder, vitamins and minerals. This combination in right proportion helps malnourished children recover in weeks. As malnutrition continues to affect millions of children, peanut-based RUTFs continue to be one of the most effective ways to treat it. However, except peanut all other nuts are costlier and not in the reach of everyone.Not Availabl

Recurrent ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow: Correlation of surgical findings and 3-Tesla magnetic resonance neurography

The authors describe the correlation between 3-Tesla magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) and surgical findings in two patients who underwent multiple previous failed ulnar nerve surgeries. MRN correctly localized the site of the abnormality. Prospectively observed MRN findings of perineural fibrosis, ulnar nerve re-entrapment abnormalities, medial antebrachial cutaneous neuroma and additional median nerve entrapment were confirmed surgically

MR neurography: past, present, and future

OBJECTIVE: MR neurography (MRN) has increasingly been used in clinical practice for the evaluation of peripheral nerve disease. This article reviews the historic perspective of MRN, the current imaging trends of this modality, and the future directions and applications that have shown potential for improved imaging and diagnostic capabilities. CONCLUSION: MRN has come a long way in the past 2 decades. Excellent depiction of 3D nerve anatomy and pathology is currently possible. Further technical developments in diffusion-based nerve and muscle imaging, whole-body MRN, and nerve-specific MR contrast agents will likely play a major role in advancing this novel field and understanding peripheral neuromuscular diseases in the years to come