Sources, blood concentrations, and approaches for reducing exposure to lead: A critical appraisal on lead poisoning

Lead, a non-essential metal, enters the body in various ways, making it a major public health issue. Painters and smelters report lead poisoning in children and staff. Mining and battery workers risk lead exposure. Traditional and cultural remedies may include dangerous quantities of lead, producing lead poisoning. These drugs must be properly understood and regulated to avoid toxicity. Lead poisoning symptoms vary by duration and severity. Lead first impairs cognition, development, and behaviour by damaging the neural system. Time degrades reproductive and haematological systems. Lead's quiet entry into the body makes it deadly. Acute lead nephropathy damages kidneys at 100mg/dL. Lead levels exceeding 150mg/dL may induce encephalopathy. Blood lead levels indicate lead poisoning severity. Lead levels over 10g/dL in children and 40g/dL in adults are hazardous. Lead toxicity affects various organs. Lead may induce hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It may also cause chronic kidney disease and renal failure. Lead exposure may impede fertility, cause miscarriages, and alter foetal development; hence the reproductive system is vulnerable. Symptoms and lead levels may be treated with different approaches. Lead chelation treatment is frequent. Other vitamins and medications may enhance organ function and treat lead poisoning. Lead poisoning prevention requires widespread awareness. Strict standards and education regarding lead-contaminated products and conventional remedies should reduce occupational lead exposure. Regular blood lead level monitoring, especially in youngsters and lead workers, may help detect and treat lead poisoning early. Lead poisoning has serious health consequences. Understanding lead exposure pathways, identifying symptoms, and preventing lead poisoning is essential to public health and organ system protection

Novel Applications of Hot Melt Extrusion Technology

Hot melt extrusion (HME) technology was introduced to pharmaceuticals in the 1970s for manufacturing and product development. Since then, there were several developments in HME technology to utilize it effectively for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. Though the primary purpose of HME technology remains to be solubility enhancement through the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions, it also has various other applications like dry granulation, abuse-deterrent formulation, continuous manufacturing, film preparation, implants, sustained release formulations, etc. The purpose of this review article is to consolidate the information related to applications of HME technology in the pharmaceutical industry. Keywords: Hot melt extrusion, poorly soluble drugs, continuous manufacturing, solid orals, and applications