Number of Hours of Sleep with Changes in Blood Pressure Amongst Medical Students in Western Maharashtra

Introduction: Sleep has become one of the most ignored factors today. More sleep or less sleep does not matter it is just compensated the next day. Importance of regular and timely sleep amongst the students and their correlation with blood pressure is necessary to be found out so that the students can be made aware of and can be provided treatment to prevent further complications.  Method: Demographic profile was noted it includes name, age, gender, professional year of MBBS and residence. History of sleeping was noted and other factors which influences sleeping pattern (i.e, alcohol, smoking, an association of dreams with sleep, midnight awakenings with sleep, caffeine intake before bed and average stress levels) through a well-structured questionnaire. Blood pressures of all eligible students were recorded 3 times in a week at the same time by the principal investigator with the same instrument according to the JNC 7 classification for hypertension. Results: Amongst all the medical students, 6% had systolic hypertension and 22.50% had diastolic hypertension. Comparing blood pressures according to sleeping patterns, amongst cases (less than 5 hours of sleep) 20.8% had systolic hypertension and 56.30% had diastolic hypertension. Whereas in controls (more than 5 hours of sleep) 1.40% had systolic hypertension and 11.90% had diastolic hypertension. Factors such as alcohol consumption, smoking, caffeine consumption before sleep, dreams, midnight awakenings and stress were found to be associated with sleeping patterns and the results were found to be extremely significant (p<0.0001) statistically. Conclusion: Sleep duration of less than 5 hours was noted in 24% of the total population. The subjects with lesser number of sleeping hours had increased levels of blood pressure and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The average systolic blood pressure in subjects with less than 5 hours of sleep (cases) showed 48.50% pre-hypertensives and 20.80% hypertensives whereas in case of average diastolic blood pressure 18.50% were prehypertensive and 56.30% were hypertensive. Keywords: Blood pressures; Sleeping hours; Medical Students

Number of Hours of Sleep with Changes in Blood Pressure Amongst Medical Students in Western Maharashtra

Introduction: Sleep has become one of the most ignored factors today. More sleep or less sleep does not matter it is just compensated the next day. Importance of regular and timely sleep amongst the students and their correlation with blood pressure is necessary to be found out so that the students can be made aware of and can be provided treatment to prevent further complications.  Method: Demographic profile was noted it includes name, age, gender, professional year of MBBS and residence. History of sleeping was noted and other factors which influences sleeping pattern (i.e, alcohol, smoking, an association of dreams with sleep, midnight awakenings with sleep, caffeine intake before bed and average stress levels) through a well-structured questionnaire. Blood pressures of all eligible students were recorded 3 times in a week at the same time by the principal investigator with the same instrument according to the JNC 7 classification for hypertension. Results: Amongst all the medical students, 6% had systolic hypertension and 22.50% had diastolic hypertension. Comparing blood pressures according to sleeping patterns, amongst cases (less than 5 hours of sleep) 20.8% had systolic hypertension and 56.30% had diastolic hypertension. Whereas in controls (more than 5 hours of sleep) 1.40% had systolic hypertension and 11.90% had diastolic hypertension. Factors such as alcohol consumption, smoking, caffeine consumption before sleep, dreams, midnight awakenings and stress were found to be associated with sleeping patterns and the results were found to be extremely significant (p<0.0001) statistically. Conclusion: Sleep duration of less than 5 hours was noted in 24% of the total population. The subjects with lesser number of sleeping hours had increased levels of blood pressure and a higher prevalence of hypertension. The average systolic blood pressure in subjects with less than 5 hours of sleep (cases) showed 48.50% pre-hypertensives and 20.80% hypertensives whereas in case of average diastolic blood pressure 18.50% were prehypertensive and 56.30% were hypertensive. Keywords: Blood pressures; Sleeping hours; Medical Students

Variations in Blood Pressures Amongst Day School Children and Boarding School Children in Western Maharashtra

Introduction: School children majorly face stress due to the pressure and expectations from their parents besides academics, athletics, etc. It is known that depression, stress increases blood pressure. Such wide variations in blood pressure at such a young age can increase the incidence of cerebrovascular accidents, ischemic heart diseases, renal failure and preterm death in the adulthood of such children. This survey will guide the parents and teachers to the various problems student face and how can they help the student cope with it. Method: The blood pressure of each student was taken three times to reduce them to minimise the possibility of errors and the blood pressures of all the students were compared according to their age (13-16 years) and the schooling type (boarders and day scholars). Results:  On comparing the prehypertensive stage, the numbers of pre-hypertensives are found to be greater in the age group of 15 years in both day scholars and boarders i.e. 14% and 8% respectively. The on comparing the schooling type the day scholars have a greater number of prehypertensive i.e. 25% than boarders which is 17%. Though pre-hypertensives are higher in the age group of 15 years, but the numbers of hypertensives are more in 14 years of age which is 7% (6% in hypertension stage I and 1% in hypertension stage II) in day scholars and 4% (3% in hypertension stage I and 1% in hypertension stage II) in boarders. In schooling type, a similar trend as that of prehypertension is seen i.e. in day scholars 14% students are in hypertension stage I and 3% students are in hypertension stage II making a total of 17% of hypertensive in day scholars. Similarly, in boarders there are 6% in hypertension stage I and 1% in hypertension stage II making 7% hypertensive in boarders, thereby showing a higher percentage of hypertensive in day scholars. Conclusion: The study revealed Percentage of students in hypertension stage I and hypertension stage II were found more in day scholars (14% HT STAGE I and 3% HT STAGE II) than boarders (6%HT STAGE I and 1% HT STAGE II) respectively. Thus, it can be very well concluded that 17% of day school children and 7% boarders were found to be in hypertensive. Keywords: Variations in blood pressures, Day school; Boarding school Children; Western Maharashtra. &nbsp

Variations in Blood Pressures Amongst Day School Children and Boarding School Children in Western Maharashtra

Introduction: School children majorly face stress due to the pressure and expectations from their parents besides academics, athletics, etc. It is known that depression, stress increases blood pressure. Such wide variations in blood pressure at such a young age can increase the incidence of cerebrovascular accidents, ischemic heart diseases, renal failure and preterm death in the adulthood of such children. This survey will guide the parents and teachers to the various problems student face and how can they help the student cope with it. Method: The blood pressure of each student was taken three times to reduce them to minimise the possibility of errors and the blood pressures of all the students were compared according to their age (13-16 years) and the schooling type (boarders and day scholars). Results:  On comparing the prehypertensive stage, the numbers of pre-hypertensives are found to be greater in the age group of 15 years in both day scholars and boarders i.e. 14% and 8% respectively. The on comparing the schooling type the day scholars have a greater number of prehypertensive i.e. 25% than boarders which is 17%. Though pre-hypertensives are higher in the age group of 15 years, but the numbers of hypertensives are more in 14 years of age which is 7% (6% in hypertension stage I and 1% in hypertension stage II) in day scholars and 4% (3% in hypertension stage I and 1% in hypertension stage II) in boarders. In schooling type, a similar trend as that of prehypertension is seen i.e. in day scholars 14% students are in hypertension stage I and 3% students are in hypertension stage II making a total of 17% of hypertensive in day scholars. Similarly, in boarders there are 6% in hypertension stage I and 1% in hypertension stage II making 7% hypertensive in boarders, thereby showing a higher percentage of hypertensive in day scholars. Conclusion: The study revealed Percentage of students in hypertension stage I and hypertension stage II were found more in day scholars (14% HT STAGE I and 3% HT STAGE II) than boarders (6%HT STAGE I and 1% HT STAGE II) respectively. Thus, it can be very well concluded that 17% of day school children and 7% boarders were found to be in hypertensive. Keywords: Variations in blood pressures, Day school; Boarding school Children; Western Maharashtra. &nbsp

Effect of Various Concentrations of Lignocaine & Adrenaline Combination as Local Anesthetic on ECG Parameters of Patients Undergoing Dental Procedures

Background: Systemic absorption of local anesthetics occurs due to its local vasodilator effects. This leads to inhibitory action on the heart which is represented in the form of a decrease in conduction rate, the excitability of myocardium and force of contraction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Lignocaine and adrenaline combinations on electrocardiogram undergoing dental procedures. Methods: This was a prospective, observational clinical study done in collaboration with the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. All patients scheduled for oral surgeries under local anesthesia with Lignocaine 2% and adrenaline (1:80000 or 1:200000) combination of age 18 years or above 150 patients were included in the study. Patients with a history of hepatic, renal, cardiovascular and thyroid disorders were excluded from the study. A standard 12-lead ECG (25 mm/s) was recorded for each patient before administration of drugs (Basal), during the dental procedure (Intraoperative) and immediately after completion of surgical procedure. Results: There was no statistically significant difference seen between the Group A (Lignocaine 2% with 1:80000 adrenaline) and B (Lignocaine 2% with 1:200000 adrenaline) when the age, gender, PR interval, RR interval, mean QT & QTc dispersion, and heart rate were compared. Statistically significant difference was seen in comparing the mean QT & QTc interval, which was higher in Group A. ECG parameters in Group A and B showed a statistically significant decrease in PR interval, RR interval, QT interval, QTc interval, QT dispersion and QTc dispersion, with the basal, was compared with intraoperative and postoperative findings. The increase in heart rate although was statistically significant in both the groups, it was always within normal limits suggestive of no clinical significance. There was a statistically significant decrease in QT and QTc interval, QT and QTc dispersion. The change in all these parameters was within the physiologic range. All these relevant parameters for cardiac arrhythmias did not show any arrhythmogenic potential of lignocaine-adrenaline combination in both the groups. Both the combinations are comparable with each other in terms of ECG parameters with changes more with group A suggesting the effect of increased concentration of adrenaline. The change in the heart rate and ECG parameters in both the study group might be attributed to the presence of adrenaline in the combination. No cardiovascular morbidities were observed except palpitation. Conclusion: Thus it can be very well concluded that the effects of lignocaine-adrenaline combinations on electrocardiographic parameters are minimal and clinically irrelevant. Both the combination appears to be safe to use in healthy individuals. Keywords: Adrenaline; Lignocaine; ECG parameters; Dental procedures