FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLLED RELEASE MUCOADHESIVE BEADS OF CAPECITABINE

The aim of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate controlled release beads containing capecitabine in order to decrease the dosing frequency. The beads were prepared using sodium alginate and chitosan by ionotropic gelation method. The concentrations of the polymers were optimized to obtain the spherical beads with sufficient integrity. The drug loaded beads were characterized for entrapment efficiency, size, shape, morphology, swelling index, mucoadhesion and in-vitro drug release and in-vitro cytotoxicity study. The prepared beads had spherical shape with smooth surface and improved micromeritic properties. The entrapment efficiency was found to be 58%, swelling index was 60% and they exhibited mucoadhesion to the intestinal tissue for more than 6 hours. The in-vitro drug release studies indicated that the beads were able to give zero order controlled release for a period of 6 hours. KEY WORDS: Capecitabine, Chitosan, Sodium alginate, Ionotropic gelatio

Formulation Development of Fast Dissolving Microneedles Loaded with Cubosomes of Febuxostat: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Febuxostat is a widely prescribed drug for the treatment of gout, which is a highly prevalent disease worldwide and is a major cause of disability in mankind. Febuxostat suffers from several limitations such as gastrointestinal disturbances and low oral bioavailability. Thus, to improve patient compliance and bioavailability, transdermal drug delivery systems of Febuxostat were developed for obtaining enhanced permeation. Cubosomes of Febuxostat were prepared using a bottom-up approach and loaded into a microneedle using a micromolding technique to achieve better permeation through the skin. Optimization of the process and formulation parameters were achieved using our design of experiments. The optimized cubosomes of Febuxostat were characterized for various parameters such as % entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, Polydispersity index, Transmission electron microscopy, in vitro drug release, Small angle X-ray scattering, etc. After loading it in the microneedle it was characterized for dissolution time, axial fracture force, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro drug release, pore closure kinetics, etc. It was also evaluated for various ex vivo characterizations such as in vitro cell viability, ex vivo permeation, ex vivo fluorescence microscopy and histopathology which indicates its safety and better permeation. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies proved enhanced bioavailability compared with the marketed formulation. Pharmacodynamic study indicated its effectiveness in a disease-induced rat model. The developed formulations were then subjected to the stability study, which proved its stability

Abstract

It has long been recognized that multi-stream operators, such as union and join, often have to wait idly in a temporarily blocked state, as a result of skews between the timestamps of their input streams. Recently, it has been shown that the injection of heartbeat information through punctuation tuples can alleviate this problem. In this paper, we propose and investigate more effective solutions that use timestamps generated on-demand to reactivate idle-waiting operators. We thus introduce a simple execution model that efficiently supports on-demand punctuations. Experiments show that response time and memory usage are reduced substantially by this approach.

A Flexible Query Graph Based Model for the Efficient Execution of Continuous Queries Abstract

In this paper, we propose a simple and flexible execution model that (i) supports a wide spectrum of alternative optimization and execution strategies and their mixtures, (ii) provides for dynamic reconfiguration when adding/deleting queries and changing optimization goals, (iii) optimizes response time in idle-waiting prone operators, such as union, joins, and operators used in time series and temporal sequence queries. Thus, we introduce a flexible and concrete model of execution semantics for continuous DSMS queries, and demonstrate its many applications. Our tuple-oriented model dovetails and complements the abstract set-oriented semantics of current DSMS constructs and operators, which are often based on relational algebra and SQL enhanced with windows.

ABSTRACT

By providing an integrated and optimized support for user-defined aggregates (UDAs), data stream management systems (DSMS) can achieve superior power and generality while preserving compatibility with current SQL standards. This is demonstrated by the Stream Mill system that, through is Expressive Stream Language (ESL), efficiently supports a wide range of applications—including very advanced ones such as data stream mining, streaming XML processing, time-series queries, and RFID event processing. ESL supports physical and logical windows (with optional slides and tumbles) on both built-in aggregates and UDAs, using a simple framework that applies uniformly to both aggregate functions written in an external procedural languages and those natively written in ESL. The constructs introduced in ESL extend the power and generality of DSMS, and are conducive to UDA-specific optimization and efficient execution as demonstrated by several experiments

Unifying the processing of xml streams and relational data streams

Relational data streams and XML streams have previously provided two separate research foci, but their unified support by a single Data Stream Management System (DSMS) is very desirable from an application viewpoint. In this paper, we propose a simple approach to extend relational DSMSs to support both kinds of streams efficiently. In our Stream Mill system, XML streams expressed as SAX events, can be easily transformed into relational streams, and vice versa. This enables a close cooperation of their query languages, resulting in great power and flexibility. For instance, XQuery can call functions defined in our SQLbased Expressive Stream Language (ESL) using the logical/physical windows that have proved so useful on relational data streams. Many benefits are also gained at the system level, since relational DSMS techniques for load shedding, memory management, query scheduling, approximate query answering, and synopsis maintenance can now be applied to XML streams. Moreover, the many FSA-based optimization techniques developed for XPath and XQuery can be easily and efficiently incorporated in our system. Indeed, we show that YFilter, which is capable of efficiently processing multiple complex XML queries, can be easily integrated in Stream Mill via ESL user-defined and systemdefined aggregates. This approach produces a powerful and flexible system where relational and XML streams are unified and processed efficiently.