Comparison of two strategies for diagnosis and treatment of infection in dogs (Canis familiaris) with long-term intravascular catheters

Exteriorized chronic intravascular catheters (ECICs) are used frequently for repeated substance administration, sampling, and measuring of hemodynamic parameters in biomedical research protocols. ECICs can be a management challenge because they have been associated with catheter occlusion, thrombosis, sepsis, and serious clinical sequela. A monitoring regimen that identified infection early and a treatment protocol that eliminated infection would be of great benefit to animals and to research protocols using ECICs. Using clinical pathology and other parameters, this study compares 2 management strategies in their ability to maintain the physiologic condition of the animals with ECICs. We compared the clinical outcome of treatment initiated in light of an elevated white blood cell count without delay for development of left shift or clinical signs coupled with prolonged duration of treatment (28 d for the first treatment and 42 d for subsequent treatments) with conventional antibiotic treatment initiated after the advent of clinical signs. Significant findings of the study were that the use of fever as an indicator of infection unnecessarily delayed the initiation of treatment by an average of 12 d and that the use of a single clinical pathologic parameter (white blood cell count more than 18,000 cells/ml) as indication for treatment, with or without fever, in addition to prolonged antibiotic treatment (28 d for the first treatment and 42 d for subsequent treatment) initiated as soon as the white blood cell count exceeded 18,000 cells/ml and without delay for development of fever resulted in superior health of the animals with ECICs

Nonmarital childbearing in Russia: second demographic transition or pattern of disadvantage?

Using retrospective union, birth, and education histories that span 1980-2003, this study investigates nonmarital childbearing in contemporary Russia. We employ a combination of methods to decompose fertility rates by union status and analyze the processes that lead to a nonmarital birth. We find that the increase in the percentage of nonmarital births was driven mainly by the growing proportion of women who cohabit before conception, not changing fertility behavior of cohabitors or changes in union behavior after conception. The relationship between education and nonmarital childbearing has remained stable: the least-educated women have the highest birth rates within cohabitation and as single mothers, primarily because of their lower probability of legitimating a nonmarital conception. These findings suggest that nonmarital childbearing Russia has more in common with the pattern of disadvantage in the United States than with the second demographic transition. We also find several aspects of nonmarital childbearing that neither of these perspectives anticipates