Expériences croisées sur la production d’indicateurs à partir d’une cartographie très haute résolution spatiale de l’occupation du sol dans les corridors rivulaires

International audienceLa mise en oeuvre de la Directive Cadre Européenne sur l’eau (DCE) et les approches centrées sur la biodiversité nécessitent, en particulier, des méthodes d’évaluation et de suivi des sources de pressions. L’occupation du sol dans les corridors rivulaires a un rôle significatif sur la qualité écologique des cours d’eau. Cet espace est donc un facteur de gestion privilégié pour les différents niveaux d’acteurs. Cette communication relate les expériences croisées de développement d’un outil opérationnel de gestion : la production d’indicateurs normatifs et descriptifs d’occupation du sol. Nous présentons les dimensions des besoins de chaque partenaire. Nous montrons ensuite, au travers de la production coordonnée d’indicateurs, les apports réciproques. De la concomitance de besoins est né un véritable travail d’équipe, de co-construction à même d’asseoir la légitimité des indicateurs des différents partenaires. / Water Framework Directive implementation and biodiversity centered approaches require pressure assessment and monitoring methods. Riparian corridors have a significant role on the river ecological quality. So, they are key space of management for stakeholders whatever their working scales. This paper describes the experiences of a cross-development for an operational tool management. The aim is the production of normative and descriptive land use indicators. The objective is to respond to each partner needs. We demonstrate the part brought by reciprocal contributions through coordinated production of indicators. A true project team is born from concomitant needs. This co-construction work permits partners to establish indicators legitimacy

Potential changes in forest composition could reduce impacts of climate change on boreal wildfires

There is general consensus that wildfires in boreal forests will increase throughout this century in response to more severe and frequent drought conditions induced by climate change. However, prediction models generally assume that the vegetation component will remain static over the next few decades. As deciduous species are less flammable than conifer species, it is reasonable to believe that a potential expansion of deciduous species in boreal forests, either occurring naturally or through landscape management, could offset some of the impacts of climate change on the occurrence of boreal wildfires. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of this offsetting effect through a simulation experiment conducted in eastern boreal North America. Predictions of future fire activity were made using multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) with fire behavior indices and ecological niche models as predictor variables so as to take into account the effects of changing climate and tree distribution on fire activity. A regional climate model (RCM) was used for predictions of future fire risk conditions. The experiment was conducted under two tree dispersal scenarios: the status quo scenario, in which the distribution of forest types does not differ from the present one, and the unlimited dispersal scenario, which allows forest types to expand their range to fully occupy their climatic niche. Our results show that future warming will create climate conditions that are more prone to fire occurrence. However, unlimited dispersal of southern restricted deciduous species could reduce the impact of climate change on future fire occurrence. Hence, the use of deciduous species could be a good option for an efficient strategic fire mitigation strategy aimed at reducing fire propagation in coniferous landscapes and increasing public safety in remote populated areas of eastern boreal Canada under climate change

Kôm Ombo

1. Problématique et bilan des principaux résultats La mission poursuit les travaux épigraphiques qui avaient été interrompus par le décès d’Adolphe Gutbub. Actuellement, un volume est en préparation, consacré à la petite salle hypostyle (PM VI, 186, salle B), dont la couverture photographique est confiée à Gaël Pollin. Au projet épigraphique relancé en 2010 s’ajoutent à présent deux points : construire, à la demande du ministère des Antiquités (MoA), des socles destinés à exposer les blocs re..

Dissecting genetic architecture of grape proanthocyanidin composition through quantitative trait locus mapping

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Proanthocyanidins (PAs), or condensed tannins, are flavonoid polymers, widespread throughout the plant kingdom, which provide protection against herbivores while conferring organoleptic and nutritive values to plant-derived foods, such as wine. However, the genetic basis of qualitative and quantitative PA composition variation is still poorly understood. To elucidate the genetic architecture of the complex grape PA composition, we first carried out quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis on a 191-individual pseudo-F1 progeny. Three categories of PA variables were assessed: total content, percentages of constitutive subunits and composite ratio variables. For nine functional candidate genes, among which eight co-located with QTLs, we performed association analyses using a diversity panel of 141 grapevine cultivars in order to identify causal SNPs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Multiple QTL analysis revealed a total of 103 and 43 QTLs, respectively for seed and skin PA variables. Loci were mainly of additive effect while some loci were primarily of dominant effect. Results also showed a large involvement of pairwise epistatic interactions in shaping PA composition. QTLs for PA variables in skin and seeds differed in number, position, involvement of epistatic interaction and allelic effect, thus revealing different genetic determinisms for grape PA composition in seeds and skin. Association results were consistent with QTL analyses in most cases: four out of nine tested candidate genes (<it>VvLAR1</it>, <it>VvMYBPA2</it>, <it>VvCHI1</it>, <it>VvMYBPA1</it>) showed at least one significant association with PA variables, especially <it>VvLAR1 </it>revealed as of great interest for further functional investigation. Some SNP-phenotype associations were observed only in the diversity panel.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study presents the first QTL analysis on grape berry PA composition with a comparison between skin and seeds, together with an association study. Our results suggest a complex genetic control for PA traits and different genetic architectures for grape PA composition between berry skin and seeds. This work also uncovers novel genomic regions for further investigation in order to increase our knowledge of the genetic basis of PA composition.</p

The Dual Targeting of FcRn and FcγRs via Monomeric Fc Fragments Results in Strong Inhibition of IgG-Dependent Autoimmune Pathologies

Novel molecules that directly target the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and/or Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are emerging as promising treatments for immunoglobulin G (IgG)-dependent autoimmune pathologies. Mutated Fc regions and monoclonal antibodies that target FcRn are currently in clinical development and hold promise for reducing the levels of circulating IgG. Additionally, engineered structures containing multimeric Fc regions allow the dual targeting of FcRn and FcγRs; however, their tolerance needs to first be validated in phase I clinical studies. Here, for the first time, we have developed a modified monomeric recombinant Fc optimized for binding to all FcRns and FcγRs without the drawback of possible tolerance associated with FcγR cross-linking. A rational approach using Fc engineering allowed the selection of LFBD192, an Fc with a combination of six mutations that exhibits improved binding to human FcRn and FcγR as well as mouse FcRn and FcγRIV. The potency of LFBD192 was compared with that of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), an FcRn blocker (Fc-MST-HN), and a trimeric Fc that blocks FcRn and/or immune complex-mediated cell activation through FcγR without triggering an immune reaction in several in vitro tests and validated in three mouse models of autoimmune disease

Vaccine breakthrough hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs

Life-threatening `breakthrough' cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody response to the SARS- CoV-2 vaccine in individuals already at risk. Pre-existing autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; however, their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people remains unknown. Here, we studied a cohort of 48 individuals ( age 20-86 years) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Antibody levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto- Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal antibody response to the vaccine. Among them, ten (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43-86 years). Eight of these ten patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-a2 and IFN-., while two neutralized IFN-omega only. No patient neutralized IFN-ss. Seven neutralized 10 ng/mL of type I IFNs, and three 100 pg/mL only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) efficiently, while one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only 100 pg/mL of type I IFNs neutralized both D61G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a significant proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Conséquences des séismes en Calabre. L’histoire d’un réemploi particulier dans l’église castrale d’Akerentia

International audienceThe architectural and archaeological study of the castral complex of the town of Akerentia in Calabria, completed by the reading of the reports of episcopal visits, tells us that ancient earthquakes have shaken the town and the region several times during the Middle Ages with more or less important consequences. Thanks to this documentation and to an analysis of the structures of this building, certain phases of repairs and reconstructions could be related to the earthquakes. The destruction of the buildings was followed by the recovery and reuse of the building materials of some of them. Thus, we found blocks coming from the cathedral reused in the walls of the castle church. We shall see that the recycling of these materials marks a major change in the utilisation of the castle church which will, by several rearrangements, lose its strictly seigniorial character and open up to the population. The consequences of the earthquakes go well beyond the simple material destruction, they provoke changes in the visitation/ occupancy of certain buildings.L’étude architecturale et archéologique du complexe castral de la ville d’Akerentia en Calabre, complétée par la lecture des rapports de visites épiscopales nous apprend que d’anciens tremblements de terre ont secoué, au cours du Moyen Âge, la ville et la région à plusieurs reprises avec des conséquences plus ou moins importantes. Grâce à cette documentation ainsi qu’une analyse des structures de cet édifice, certaines phases de réparations et reconstructions ont pu être mises en relation avec les séismes. Les destructions des bâtiments ont été suivies par la mise en place de la récupération et de la réutilisation des matériaux de construction de certains d’entre eux. Ainsi nous avons retrouvé des blocs provenant de la cathédrale, en réemploi dans les murs de l’église castrale. Nous verrons que l’utilisation de ces réemplois marque un changement majeur dans l’utilisation de l’église du château qui va, par plusieurs réaménagements, perdre son caractère strictement seigneurial et s’ouvrir à la population. Les conséquences des séismes vont donc bien au-delà de la simple destruction matérielle, elles provoquent des changements dans la fréquentation de certains édifices

Remploi d’un bloc provenant de la cathédrale dans la reconstruction du château d’Akerentia (Calabre – It)

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