The functional importance of disease-associated mutation

BACKGROUND: For many years, scientists believed that point mutations in genes are the genetic switches for somatic and inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria and cancer. Some of these mutations likely alter a protein's function in a manner that is deleterious, and they should occur in functionally important regions of the protein products of genes. Here we show that disease-associated mutations occur in regions of genes that are conserved, and can identify likely disease-causing mutations. RESULTS: To show this, we have determined conservation patterns for 6185 non-synonymous and heritable disease-associated mutations in 231 genes. We define a parameter, the conservation ratio, as the ratio of average negative entropy of analyzable positions with reported mutations to that of every analyzable position in the gene sequence. We found that 84.0% of the 231 genes have conservation ratios less than one. 139 genes had eleven or more analyzable mutations and 88.0% of those had conservation ratios less than one. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that phylogenetic information is a powerful tool for the study of disease-associated mutations. Our alignments and analysis has been made available as part of the database at http://cancer.stanford.edu/mut-paper/. Within this dataset, each position is annotated with the analysis, so the most likely disease-causing mutations can be identified

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for CYP2C9 and HLA-B Genotype and Phenytoin Dosing

Phenytoin is a widely used antiepileptic drug with a narrow therapeutic index and large inter-patient variability partly due to genetic variations in CYP2C9. Furthermore, the variant allele HLA-B*15:02 is associated with an increased risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in response to phenytoin treatment. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting these associations and provide recommendations for the use of phenytoin based on CYP2C9 and/or HLA-B genotype (also available on PharmGKB: www.pharmgkb.org)

PharmVar and the Landscape of Pharmacogenetic Resources

Testing, reporting and translation of pharmacogenetics (PGx) into clinical recommendations requires vast knowledge resources. The Pharmacogene Variation (PharmVar) Consortium catalogs pharmacogene variation and provides standardized nomenclature that is utilized by the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) and the Clinical Pharmacogenetic Implementation Consortium (CPIC). PharmVar allele definitions are also widely used for test design and reporting. This perspective paints a landscape of PGx resources that are needed to facilitate implementation of PGx into clinical practice

Using ODIN for a PharmGKB revalidation experiment

The need for efficient text-mining tools that support curation of the biomedical literature is ever increasing. In this article, we describe an experiment aimed at verifying whether a text-mining tool capable of extracting meaningful relationships among domain entities can be successfully integrated into the curation workflow of a major biological database. We evaluate in particular (i) the usability of the system's interface, as perceived by users, and (ii) the correlation of the ranking of interactions, as provided by the text-mining system, with the choices of the curators

Standardizing CYP2D6 Genotype to Phenotype Translation: Consensus Recommendations from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium and Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153095/1/cts12692_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153095/2/cts12692-sup-0001-Supinfo.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153095/3/cts12692.pd

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for Human Leukocyte Antigen B (HLA-B) Genotype and Allopurinol Dosing: 2015 update

The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for HLA-B*58:01 Genotype and Allopurinol Dosing was originally published in February 2013. We reviewed the recent literature and concluded that none of the evidence would change the therapeutic recommendations in the original guideline; therefore, the original publication remains clinically current. However, we have updated the Supplemental Material and included additional resources for applying CPIC guidelines into the electronic health record. Up-to-date information can be found at PharmGKB (http://www.pharmgkb.org)

Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline (CPIC) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and dosing of tricyclic antidepressants: 2016 update

CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms affect the exposure, efficacy and safety of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), with some drugs being affected by CYP2D6 only (e.g., nortriptyline and desipramine) and others by both polymorphic enzymes (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, and trimipramine). Evidence is presented for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-directed dosing of TCAs. This document is an update to the 2012 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are primary treatment options for major depressive and anxiety disorders. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms can influence the metabolism of SSRIs, thereby affecting drug efficacy and safety. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting these associations and provide dosing recommendations for fluvoxamine, paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, and sertraline based on CYP2D6 and/or CYP2C19 genotype (updates at www.pharmgkb.org)