Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sports: In the Context of Turkey Sample Determination of Risk Factors in Relationship of Coaches and Female Athletes

Today, sexual harassment is common in all areas of daily life. Numerous scientific researchers have been conducted since the rate of sexual harassment has increased day by day. Nowadays, the increase of sexual abuse and harassment in almost every area of organizational structure and field is creating a serious threat, and it has forced many managers and academics to come together. In addition to the many organizations that have experienced sexual harassment, since many years sexual harassment and abuse have increased in sport fields and in different sport branches. What is the characteristic that makes sports field an area open to sexual abuse and that differs from other social areas? The first answer that comes to mind is transparency. Sports is seen as a transparent area due to the fact that it is independent of other areas of life. That is, the sport field is not operating as a different area which emphasizes only physical performance or ability regarded as a different field. Sexual harassment and abuse are not events that happen on their own in the sport. While harassment and abuse events in many areas of society are difficult to reveal, harassment and abuse events in sports are very visible. However, this visibility is only within the community. When you ask almost every sector working in the sports field, it seems that there is a story of harassment that they have lived or heard about in the past. The aim of this study is to offer suggestions to the athletes, their families and coaches for the prevention of sexual harassment and abuse in sport in order to eliminate the negative impact on athletes who have experienced and encountered sexual harassment and abuse in Turkey

Affects of defense unit on score (goals) in soccer

Aim: The aim of the study was to research correlation among goals and positive defensive unit rate on the 1st and 2nd zone.Methods: This research was conducted in correlational scan model. The universe of the research constituted the matches played by Turkish National Soccer Team. 10 matches were selected with the same characteristics in terms of the same lineup of the team played in 2012-2013 during World Cup 2014 Elimination Group as the sample of the Turkish National Soccer Team. Defending was examined as positive and negative for all positions by watching matches' videos and taking notes and after that positive defence rate on the 1st zone and positive defence rate on 2nd zone was obtained. SPSS 18.0 for Windows statistical software program was used for statistical analysis of the research’s data and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. Pearson correlation analysis was used to reveal the correlation among goals, positive defence rate on the 1st and 2nd zone. Results: As a result of the research, a statistically significant correlation on positive direction was found between goals and positive defence rate on the 2nd zone of Turkish National Soccer Team.Conclusion: Defence is a workable parameter in soccer and is not affected by the individual skills of players. In this regard, if coaches don’t neglect the principles of defence in their training, it will greatly help the outcome of the matches

Stadiums and Arenas The New Revenue Source of Professional Football Clubs: The Economic Impact of Turkish Football Stadiums and Arenas in Turkey

Stadiums have recently become one of the most important issues in the economy of professional football clubs with its positive and negative effects. Football rapidly developing worldwide is social, cultural and economic phenomenon and is one of the world's most profitable sports. The transformation of an economics of billion dollars and the transformation of an industrial character from the beginning of the 1990s has caused all eyes to be turned over to the stadiums as a place of production of football over time. Stadiums in the process of industrial transformation of football have transformed into structures that live 365 days and generate significant monetary income, including non-football events. Now the conversion of soccer fans to a "consumer spectators" has led to a new comfort structure that will increase the added value of the clubs' stadiums per seat. In this way, the match day revenues, which will hold an important place in the monetary revenues of football, also started to increase its share in total revenues rapidly. Although this share has increased, because the seat capacity is fixed it has forced the clubs to become even more creative in these matters. Soccer clubs have started to design stadiums in this sense in a way that will make them more functional and monetary. Today, soccer stadiums have grown out of a simple structure and they have become the production center of industrial football and the most important source of income. The income generated by the stadiums is now approaching nearly 40 percent of European soccer revenue. The aim of the study is to examine economic and social efficiency of stadiums and arenas which is a significant source of revenue for professional football clubs and is to examine the economic effects of Turkish football stadiums and arenas in Turkey