Synthesis of collagen from Bali cattle's hide using a combination of acid and alkali on the extracting process

The process of pre-extraction is an important stage in the process of collagen synthesis. This stage increases the sensitivity of collagen molecule chains that can affect production yields and collagen properties. The objectives of the study were to synthesize and evaluate halal collagen from Bali cattle’s hide on different -extracting processes. A total of 5 treatments applied in this study, namely: T1 = Ca(OH)2 5% (b/v) ; T2= Ca(OH)2 15% (b/v) ; T3= Ca(OH)2 5% + CH3COOH 5%(b/v) ; T4= Ca(OH)2 15% + CH3COOH 5% (b/v). Each treatment was repeated 4 times. Data were analyzed in a variety of ways using SPSS program. The observed parameters consisted of: 1) yield, 2) viscosity and 3) pH. The results showed that the difference in real pre-extracting process increased the yield and viscosity, but not the pH value. The application of T4 treatment provided the best results compared to other treatments as well as controls to increase the yield and also improve the collagen's physical properties and pH

The Effect of White Rot Fungus (Ganoderma sp) as Decomposers on Composting Using Combination of Cattle Feces and Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as Organic Matter

في إندونيسيا ، توجد فضلات الماشية ونبات صفير الماء (WH) بكثرة ولكن لم يتم الكشف عنها على نطاق واسع. حيث انه لم يتم تطبيق استخدام الكائنات الحية الدقيقة كمحللات في عملية التخمير على نطاق واسع،  لذلك بالفترة الاخيرة بدا الباحثون بالاهتمام واجراء مزيدا من الدراسة. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تأثير مزيج CF مع WH على التسميد عن طريق تطبيق الكائنات الحية الدقيقة الفطرية العفن الأبيض (WRF) كمحلل. عدد من ستة أنواع من العلاج مقارنة بـ R1 (نسبة CF: WH) (25٪: 75٪) + WRF ؛ R2 (نسبة CF: WH) (50٪: 50٪) + WRF ؛ R3 (نسبة CF: WH) (75٪: 25٪) + WRF ؛ R4 (نسبة CF: WH) (25٪: 75٪) بدون WRF ؛ R5 (نسبة CF: WH) (50٪: 50٪) بدون WRF ؛ R6 (نسبة CF: WH) (25٪: 75٪) بدون WRF. أوضحت النتائج أن استخدام محللات WRF والمواد العضوية (CF و WH) بنسب مختلفة تتأثر بخصائص السماد مثل قيمة الأس الهيدروجيني ، C- عضوي ، N- عضوي ، نسبة C / N ، P2O5 و K2O. ينخفض ​​محلل WRF بشكل كبير إلى قيمة الرقم الهيدروجيني ونسبة C / N ، ولكنه يزيد من قيمة C- عضوي ، N- عضوي ، P2O5 و K2O. تتوافق خصائص السماد المنتج مع المعايير التي حددها المعيار الوطني الإندونيسي (INS) ولوائح وزارة الزراعة في جمهورية إندونيسيا. كان من الضروري اعتبار WRF كمحلل في إنتاج السماد. وبناءً على نتائج الدراسة ، تم التوصل إلى أن علاج R1 (CF: WH) (25٪: 75٪) + WRF) كان أفضل توليفة لإنتاج السماد باستخدام WRF كمحلل بأفضل الخصائص.In Indonesia, cattle feces (CF) and water hyacinth (WH) plants are abundant but have not been widely revealed. The use of microorganisms as decomposers in the fermentation process has not been widely applied, so researchers are interested in studying further. This study was to evaluate the effect of the combination of CF with WH on composting by applying white-rot fungal (WRF) (Ganoderma sp) microorganism as a decomposer. A number of six types of treatment compared to R1(ratio of CF:WH)(25%:75%)+WRF; R2(ratio of CF:WH)(50%:50%)+WRF; R3(ratio of CF:WH)(75%:25%)+WRF; R4(ratio of CF:WH)(25%:75%) without WRF; R5(ratio of CF:WH)(50%:50%) without WRF; R6(ratio of CF:WH)(25%:75%) without WRF. The results showed that the use of WRF decomposers and organic matter (CF and WH) at different ratios affected the properties of compost such as pH value, C-organic, N-organic, C/N ratio, P2O5 and K2O compounds. The WRF decomposer significantly decreases to the pH value, and the C/N ratio, but increases the value of C-organic, N-organic, P2O5 and K2O. The properties of the compost produced are in accordance with the standards set by the Indonesian National Standard (INS) and the regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia. The WRF was needed to consider as a decomposer in producing compost.  Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the R1(CF: WH)(25%:75%)+WRF) treatment was the best ratio combination to produce compost using WRF (Ganoderma sp) as a decomposer with the best properties

Investigating the relationship between knowledge and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices: The case of Dutch arable farmers

The intensive usage of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides helps Dutch arable farmers to secure high yields at low costs. However, this intensive arable production system also results in environmental degradation in terms of biodiversity loss and reduced soil and water quality. Adopting sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) reduces arable farmers’ reliance on fertilisers and pesticides. Therefore, SAPs contribute to enhancing farm sustainability and resilience. Despite the promising potential of SAPs, their adoption rates remain low. We investigate which combinations of SAPs are jointly adopted in portfolios and how the adoption rate of SAP portfolios can be improved. Specifically, this paper aims to explore the relationship between knowledge and the adoption of SAP portfolios. First, we investigate the SAP portfolios that are jointly adopted using Correlation Explanation. Second, we estimate a multivariate probit model to explore if SAP portfolios are complementary or substitutionary to each other. Finally, we run a partial least squares structural equation model to investigate how the level of knowledge and informal knowledge are associated with the adoption of SAP portfolios. Results show that both the level of knowledge and informal knowledge are positively related to the adoption of these SAPs that require initial investments or aim to reduce pesticide and fertiliser usage. However, we find no significant relationship between knowledge and the adoption of SAPs that are already subsidised by policymakers. We conclude that persuading farmers to adopt more SAPs requires policymakers to consider combinations of economic (e.g. subsidies) and behavioural policy interventions (e.g. facilitating peer-to-peer knowledge sharing)

Quenching Theory and Technology

Quenching is one of the most fundamentally complex processes in the heat treatment of metals, and it is something on which mechanical properties and distortion of engineering components depend. With chapters written by the most respected international experts in the field, Quenching Theory and Technology, Second Edition presents the most authoritative, exhaustive, and recent findings in this vital area. Understanding and control of quenching and quenchants is a critical constant in all well established and emerging heat treatment process technology. The collection of up-to-date knowledge in this book is the latest outcome from continuing formal and informal discussions by experts within the framework of the International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering (IFHTSE). It covers topics including: Thermo-and fluid dynamic principles of heat transfer during cooling Wetting kinematics Residual stresses after cooling Computer modeling and prediction of microstructure transformation Hardness distribution Stress-strain and distortion With revised and updated content from the first edition, this book adds coverage of important technological developments. Although the primary focus continues to be on the quenching of steel, it also details quenching of aluminum and titanium alloys, quench severity of selected vegetable oils, gas quenching, intensive quenching, and simulation of quenching. Presenting the most recent findings in this area, this essential piece of literature is a substantial contribution to the general field of the thermal processing of metals. It is useful not only for specialists in heat treatment practice, but also those in higher education or numerous specialized courses and seminars worldwide