Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence reveals stage specific patterns of chloroplast-containing cells during Arabidopsis embryogenesis

http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602010000100012&lng=es&nrm=isoThe basic body plan of a plant is established early in embryogenesis when cells differentiate, giving rise to the apical and basal regions of the embryo. Using chlorophyll fluorescence as a marker for chloroplasts, we have detected specific patterns of chloroplast-containing cells at specific stages of embryogenesis. Non-randomly distributed chloroplast-containing cells are seen as early as the globular stage of embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. In the heart stage of embryogenesis, chloroplast containing cells are detected in epidermal cells as well as a central region of the heart stage embryo, forming a triangular septum of chloroplast-containing cells that divides the embryo into three equal sectors. Torpedo stage embryos have chloroplast-containing epidermal cells and a central band of chloroplast-containing cells in the cortex layer, just below the shoot apical meristem. In the walking-stick stage of embryogenesis, chloroplasts are present in the epidermal, cortex and endodermal cells. The chloroplasts appear reduced or absent from the provascular and columella cells of walking-stick stage embryos. These results suggest that there is a tight regulation of plastid differentiation during embryogenesis that generates specific patterns of chloroplast-containing cells in specific cell layers at specific stages of embryogenesis

The relationship between the intergalactic medium and galaxies

In this thesis we study the relationship between the intergalactic medium (IGM) and galaxies at z<1, in a statistical manner. Galaxies are mostly surveyed in emission using optical spectroscopy, while the IGM is mostly surveyed in absorption in the ultra-violet (UV) spectra of background quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). We present observational results investigating the connection between the IGM and galaxies using two complementary methods: • We use galaxy voids as tracers of both underdense and overdense regions. We use archival data to study the properties of H I absorption line systems within and around galaxy voids at z<0.1. Typical galaxy voids have sizes 10 Mpc and so our results constrain the very large-scale association. This sample contains 106 H I absorption systems and 1054 galaxy voids. • We use a sample of H I absorption line systems and galaxies from pencil beam surveys to measure the H I–galaxy cross-correlation at z<1. Our sample is composed of a combination of archival and new data taken by the author and collaborators. This survey covers transverse separations between H I and galaxies from ∼ 100 kpc (proper) up to ∼ 10 Mpc, filling the gap between the very large scales and those associated with the so-called circumgalactic medium (CGM). This sample contains 654 H I absorption systems and 17509 galaxies. Our results hint towards a picture in which there are at least three types of association between the diffuse gas in the Universe and galaxies at z 1: • One-to-one direct association because galaxies do contain diffuse gas. • Indirect association because both the IGM and galaxies trace the same over-dense underlying dark matter distribution. We provide quantitative evidence for this association. Moreover, we show that not all galaxies are related to the diffuse gas in the same way. In particular, a non negligible fraction of ‘non-star-forming’ galaxies might reside in environments devoid of diffuse H I. • No association because there are regions in the Universe that contain a significant amount of diffuse gas but that are devoid of galaxies. In these regions, only the IGM follows the underdense underlying dark matter distribution because galaxies are not present. We provide quantitative evidence for this scenario

The PIN-FORMED (PIN) protein family of auxin transporters

The PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are secondary transporters acting in the efflux of the plant signal molecule auxin from cells. They are asymmetrically localized within cells and their polarity determines the directionality of intercellular auxin flow. PIN genes are found exclusively in the genomes of multicellular plants and play an important role in regulating asymmetric auxin distribution in multiple developmental processes, including embryogenesis, organogenesis, tissue differentiation and tropic responses. All PIN proteins have a similar structure with amino- and carboxy-terminal hydrophobic, membrane-spanning domains separated by a central hydrophilic domain. The structure of the hydrophobic domains is well conserved. The hydrophilic domain is more divergent and it determines eight groups within the protein family. The activity of PIN proteins is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, protein stability, subcellular localization and transport activity. Different endogenous and environmental signals can modulate PIN activity and thus modulate auxin-distribution-dependent development. A large group of PIN proteins, including the most ancient members known from mosses, localize to the endoplasmic reticulum and they regulate the subcellular compartmentalization of auxin and thus auxin metabolism. Further work is needed to establish the physiological importance of this unexpected mode of auxin homeostasis regulation. Furthermore, the evolution of PIN-based transport, PIN protein structure and more detailed biochemical characterization of the transport function are important topics for further studies

On the Incidence of C IV Absorbers Along the Sightlines to Gamma-Ray Bursts

We report on the statistics of strong (W_r > 0.15 A) C IV absorbers at z=1.5-3.5 toward high-redshift gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In contrast with a recent survey for strong Mg II absorption systems at z < 2, we find that the number of C IV absorbers per unit redshift dN/dz does not show a significant deviation from previous surveys using quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) as background sources. We find that the number density of C IV toward GRBs is dN/dz(z~1.5)= 2.2 +2.8/-1.4, dN/dz(z~2.5)= 2.3 +1.8/-1.1 and dN/dz(z~3.5)= 1.1 +2.6/-0.9. These numbers are consistent with previous C IV surveys using QSO spectra. Binning the entire dataset, we set a 95% c.l. upper limit to the excess of C IV absorbers along GRB sightlines at twice the incidence observed along QSO sightlines. Furthermore, the distribution of equivalent widths of the GRB and QSO samples are consistent with being drawn from the same parent population. Although the results for Mg II and C IV absorbers along GRB sightlines appear to contradict one another, we note that the surveys are nearly disjoint: the C IV survey corresponds to higher redshift and more highly ionized gas than the Mg II survey. Nevertheless, analysis on larger statistical samples may constrain properties of the galaxies hosting these metals (e.g. mass, dust content) and/or the coherence-length of the gas giving rise to the metal-line absorption.Comment: Accepted version (for publication in ApJ), results unchanged, 18 pages, 3 tables, 5 figure

Valoración de activos y riesgo de liquidez enel mercado de valores chileno

This paper studies whether or not a premium exists for the risk of liquidity in the Chilean stock market. Using the methodology in Fama and French (1993), liquidity risk factors are constructed on the basis of 4 indexes which evaluate various models. The results show the existence of a premium for liquidity risk, but this is captured by more than a liquidity risk factor.Este artículo analiza la existencia o no de una prima por riesgo de liquidez en el mercado de acciones de Chile. En base a la metodología de Fama y French (1993), se construyen factores de riesgo de liquidez basados en cuatro índices, los cuales se valoran en base a varios modelos. Los resultados muestran la existencia de una prima por riesgo de liquidez, la cual se refleja en más de un factor de riesgo

Hybrid data fidelity term approach for quantitative susceptibility mapping

PURPOSE: Susceptibility maps are usually derived from local magnetic field estimations by minimizing a functional composed of a data consistency term and a regularization term. The data-consistency term measures the difference between the desired solution and the measured data using typically the L2-norm. It has been proposed to replace this L2-norm with the L1-norm, due to its robustness to outliers and reduction of streaking artifacts arising from highly noisy or strongly perturbed regions. However, in regions with high SNR, the L1-norm yields a suboptimal denoising performance. In this work, we present a hybrid data fidelity approach that uses the L1-norm and subsequently the L2-norm to exploit the strengths of both norms. METHODS: We developed a hybrid data fidelity term approach for QSM (HD-QSM) based on linear susceptibility inversion methods, with total variation regularization. Each functional is solved with ADMM. The HD-QSM approach is a two-stage method that first finds a fast solution of the L1-norm functional and then uses this solution to initialize the L2-norm functional. In both norms we included spatially variable weights that improve the quality of the reconstructions. RESULTS: The HD-QSM approach produced good quantitative reconstructions in terms of structural definition, noise reduction, and avoiding streaking artifacts comparable with nonlinear methods, but with higher computational efficiency. Reconstructions performed with this method achieved first place at the lowest RMS error category in stage 1 of the 2019 QSM Reconstruction Challenge. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method allows robust and accurate QSM reconstructions, obtaining superior performance to state-of-the-art methods

Exposicion economica al tipo de cambio de las sociedades anonimas chilenas

68 p.Las empresas chilenas, en este caso las sociedades anónimas abiertas, independientes de si tienen o no operaciones de comercio exterior tienen de una u otra forma dependencia de las variaciones en el tipo de cambio. Sin embargo existe una limitada gama de estudios relativos al tema en el ámbito local, y la evidencia disponible proviene en su mayoría de economías desarrolladas. En un reciente estudio, Chen et al. (2004) encuentra para Nueva Zelanda, economía pequeña y abierta, evidencia que indicaría que para este país los movimientos del tipo de cambio afectan el valor de las empresas transadas en bolsa. Basándose en la similitud con la economía Neo Zelandesa, nace la inquietud de replicar ese estudio en Chile. Esta investigación se justifica en el hecho de que a entender del autor no existen estudios relacionados con el tema en Chile, siendo relevante por al menos dos razones: la alta volatilidad que ha presentado el tipo de cambio desde que se adoptó la paridad flotante a mediados del año 1999 (ver apéndice 1) y por el poco desarrollo del mercado de instrumentos de cobertura. El propósito fundamental de esta memoria es determinar el nivel de exposición de las sociedades anónimas chilenas a variaciones en el tipo de cambio, y analizar algunos factores potenciales que influyen en la magnitud de esta exposición. Bajo la hipótesis de los mercados eficientes, el efecto del tipo de cambio debería ser reflejado en el precio de acciones. Las empresas que cumplen con los criterios de selección son 105, de las cuales alrededor del 40% presenta un nivel significativo de exposición al riesgo de cambio. El grado de exposición de las empresas en forma global es de carácter inverso, es decir, a medida que aumenta el valor del tipo de cambio, el valor de las empresas disminuye. Cabe destacar que la significancia económica es importante, esto se grafica en los montos que las empresas ganan o pierden de su capitalización bursátil ante una variación del dólar. A modo de ejemplo, la empresa menos afectada perdería aproximadamente 351 millones de pesos ante la subida de un 1% del valor de la divisa