Comparative analysis of monetary and fiscal Policy: a case study of Pakistan

This study investigates the comparative effect of fiscal and monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan using annual time series data from 1981 to 2009. The cointegration result suggests that both monetary and fiscal policy have significant and positive effect on economic growth. The coefficient of monetary policy is much greater than fiscal policy which implies that monetary policy has more concerned with economic growth than fiscal policy in Pakistan. The implication of the study is that the policy makers should focus more on monetary policy than fiscal to enhance economic growth. The role of fiscal policy can be more effective for enhancing economic growth by eliminating corruption, leakages of resources and inappropriate use of resources. However, the combination and harmonization of both monetary and fiscal policy are highly recommended.Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, Economic Growth.

Beyond the Quick Fix Model – Evidence from Telecommunication Giant of Pakistan “PTCL”

This research study was done to examine that using “Beyond the quick fix model” how we will identify the challenges of PTCL and suggestion as OD consultant will be given for the development of this organization. The research emphasis on the facts that Organizations are aware of their holistic nature and the way their stakeholders are affected with such changes. These changes therefore encourage organizations to develop their organizations and increase their effectiveness for competitiveness and sustainability in the longer run through planned changed efforts. As PTCL privatization took placed in 2005 and having up to 65000 employees, it was the most challenging task for Etisalat who took over the 100% charge of management to offer VSS to employees. The first VSS was offered in 2008 in which approximately 30000 employees acquired VSS and second was offered in 2012 which did not attract to number of employees and only up to 7000 employees were benefited by it. It was one of the biggest challenges for Etisalat to right size the number of employees in order to tackle the further issues. We have decided to apply Ralph Kilmann Model for PTCL because it’s a long process that is beyond the quick-fix and it is divided into proper steps or tracks for every problem. Also PTCL is having different problems regarding top management behavior, employee’s behavior, status quo issues, competitors are increasing, network failure issue and bribery culture. As an OD consultant, it is concluded that PTCL is very huge company, and had been having status, 74% public and 26% private. It was one of the giant companies which were privatized in the history of Pakistan. Keywords: Organization Development, Beyond Quick Fix Model, PTC

Molecular Breeding of Cotton

Molecular characterization provides comprehensive information about the extent of genetic diversity, it assists for the development of an effective, highly accurate, and rapid marker‐assisted cotton breeding program. Due to one of the world’s leading fiber crops, molecular studies of cotton are being explored widely by cotton researchers. Cotton provides raw material to the textile industry among other products. Limitations in conventional breeding program for genetic improvement are due to the complexity and limited knowledge on economically important traits. The use of molecular markers for the detection and exploitation of DNA polymorphism is one of the most significant developments in molecular genetics. In the present scenerio, cotton molecular breeding has become a reliable source through the study and exploitation of its genetic diversity and due to better understanding of the cotton genomes using the next‐generation sequencing technologies. Cotton breeders should utilize genomics in breeding programs for effective selection of best parents for agronomic and fiber‐related traits, as well as for the development of resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. The genomic research work could be based upon genotyping using DNA markers, quantitative trait loci mapping, genome‐wide associations, and next‐generation sequencing. The objective of this chapter is to describe evolution as well as utilization of various molecular markers and review the contribution of marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in cotton breeding

The Allusions of Behavioral Finance

The deliberation in theoretical finance among the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and the subject of the behavioral finance is of immense interest. from the time when its emerge, the EMH has been the most significant theory which describes the behavior of the diverse agents in the financial markets and overlooks more or less any prospective impact of human behavior in the investment method. From the end of 1970s and the commencement of 1980s, a rising number of researchers and scholars showed the irregularity of this theory. The anomalies of the recent portfolio models and theories have provoked the development of behavioral finance. Behavioral finance assimilates psychology and economics in finance theory and has its heredity in theground-breaking work of great psychologists Tversky and Daniel Kahneman (1979). The rationale of this study is to present a synthesis of the behavioral finance literature over the last two decades. Keywords: Efficient Market Hypothesis, Financial Market, arbitrage, Cognitive dissonance, Regret avoidance Type: Literature Revie

Enhancing Vehicle Entrance and Parking Management: Deep Learning Solutions for Efficiency and Security

The auto-management of vehicle entrance and parking in any organization is a complex challenge encompassing record-keeping, efficiency, and security concerns. Manual methods for tracking vehicles and finding parking spaces are slow and a waste of time. To solve the problem of auto management of vehicle entrance and parking, we have utilized state-of-the-art deep learning models and automated the process of vehicle entrance and parking into any organization. To ensure security, our system integrated vehicle detection, license number plate verification, and face detection and recognition models to ensure that the person and vehicle are registered with the organization. We have trained multiple deep-learning models for vehicle detection, license number plate detection, face detection, and recognition, however, the YOLOv8n model outperformed all the other models. Furthermore, License plate recognition is facilitated by Google's Tesseract-OCR Engine. By integrating these technologies, the system offers efficient vehicle detection, precise identification, streamlined record keeping, and optimized parking slot allocation in buildings, thereby enhancing convenience, accuracy, and security. Future research opportunities lie in fine-tuning system performance for a wide range of real-world applications.Comment: Accepted for publication in the 25th International Multitopic Conference (INMIC) IEEE 2023, 6 Pages, 3 figure

Counterfactual explanation of Bayesian model uncertainty

Artificial intelligence systems are becoming ubiquitous in everyday life as well as in high-risk environments, such as autonomous driving, medical treatment, and medicine. The opaque nature of the deep neural network raises concerns about its adoption in high-risk environments. It is important for researchers to explain how these models reach their decisions. Most of the existing methods rely on softmax to explain model decisions. However, softmax is shown to be often misleading, particularly giving unjustified high confidence even for samples far from the training data. To overcome this shortcoming, we propose Bayesian model uncertainty for producing counterfactual explanations. In this paper, we compare the counterfactual explanation of models based on Bayesian uncertainty and softmax score. This work predictively produces minimal important features, which maximally change classifier output to explain the decision-making process of the Bayesian model. We used MNIST and Caltech Bird 2011 datasets for experiments. The results show that the Bayesian model outperforms the softmax model and produces more concise and human-understandable counterfactuals

Modelling the determinants and Sustainability of Current Account of Pakistan

The study investigated the determinants of the current account deficit from 1976 to 2020 for the economy of Pakistan, and its sustainability. The persistent deficit is necessary to be sustainable if it will be paid off shortly otherwise it will pile up external debt. The conventional methodology concluded that current account deficit (CAD) of Pakistan is unsustainable, albeit one measure suggests sustainability. There is cointegration among variables and domestic saving, external debt, fiscal deficit and trade deficit has positive whereas exchange rate and worker’s remittances have a negative relation with the current account, all the results are significant. The negative sign of the error correction term confirms restoration of equilibrium and it is also significant. Bidirectional causality is reported between the worker’s remittances, exchange rate and external debt with CAD. Unidirectional causality is seen from CAD to trade deficit and fiscal deficit. The diagnostic tests of the model confirm robustness. The government should favour an investment-friendly environment to increase economic activity in the country besides improving domestic savings and reducing the external deficit

Comparative analysis of monetary and fiscal Policy: a case study of Pakistan

This study investigates the comparative effect of fiscal and monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan using annual time series data from 1981 to 2009. The cointegration result suggests that both monetary and fiscal policy have significant and positive effect on economic growth. The coefficient of monetary policy is much greater than fiscal policy which implies that monetary policy has more concerned with economic growth than fiscal policy in Pakistan. The implication of the study is that the policy makers should focus more on monetary policy than fiscal to enhance economic growth. The role of fiscal policy can be more effective for enhancing economic growth by eliminating corruption, leakages of resources and inappropriate use of resources. However, the combination and harmonization of both monetary and fiscal policy are highly recommended

Ameliorative effects of Vitamin E and Urtica dioica against thiamethoxam-induced teratogenicity in embryonated chicken eggs

Background: The purpose of this study was to explore the defensive effects of Vitamin E (Vit. E) and Urtica dioica (UD) in the mitigation of developmental anomalies induced by thiamethoxam (TMX) in chicken embryos.Methods: For this purpose, a total of 140 fertile eggs were equally divided into seven experimental groups (A-G); Groups A and B were kept as negative and sham control, respectively. Group C was exposed to TMX while groups D and E were supplemented with Vit. E and U. dioica, respectively along with TMX. Group F received Vit. E and group G U. dioica, only. The eggs were examined on days 10th and 20th of incubation for the assessment of developmental flaws and musculoskeletal anomalies.Results: The mortality rate was highest (40%) in group C (TMX) followed by groups D and E (20 and 15%), respectively. Developing embryos were exposed to TMX for retarded growth weight and crown-rump length (CRL) were significantly decreased as compared to the control group. The highest survival rate was recorded in negative control group A. The teratogenic defects recorded in this study include growth retardation, decreased crown-rump length, shortened beak, exencephaly, feather scantiness, and limb deformities. Morphometric analysis revealed improved growth by all parameters in Vit. E and U. dioica supplemented groups.Conclusion: It was concluded that developmental defects are due to induced TMX, can be counteracted with Vit. E and U. dioica and have no phytochemicals negative effects

Comparative analysis of monetary and fiscal Policy: a case study of Pakistan

This study investigates the comparative effect of fiscal and monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan using annual time series data from 1981 to 2009. The cointegration result suggests that both monetary and fiscal policy have significant and positive effect on economic growth. The coefficient of monetary policy is much greater than fiscal policy which implies that monetary policy has more concerned with economic growth than fiscal policy in Pakistan. The implication of the study is that the policy makers should focus more on monetary policy than fiscal to enhance economic growth. The role of fiscal policy can be more effective for enhancing economic growth by eliminating corruption, leakages of resources and inappropriate use of resources. However, the combination and harmonization of both monetary and fiscal policy are highly recommended