Accélérateur Financier et Surliquidité bancaire en zone CEMAC

In this paper, we broaden the debate on the determinants of bank excess liquidity by focusing on a new mechanism: the financial accelerator via asymmetry information premiums.  This study covers the CEMAC zone, made up of six countries namely: Cameroon, Chad, Congo Brazzaville, Central African Republic, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. Data for each of these countries are secondary sources, covering the quarterly period 1994 to 2016. Thus, 88 observations are considered in the study. We use shock simulation in a structural VAR as well as Co-integration analysis in an ARDL model. The empirical analysis shows that the financial rigidity caused by the increase in the information asymmetry premium leads to a fall in investment which weakens economic activity. The fall in economic activity amplifies the increase in information asymmetry premium resulting in an increase of free reserves. Finally, when the effect of the financial accelerator is reduced by stretching the information asymmetry premium towards zero, then the refunding policy through calls to tender favors a decrease of interest rates, a profusion of credit and consequently the increase of investments and consumption.  We suggest all measures aimed at reducing the asymmetry of information on the credit market, in particular, the creation of credit offices and / or public credit registers, the creation of rating agencies for companies and individuals, improvement of the quality of institutions whose poor-quality leads to the camouflage of information and moral hazards.   JEL Classification: E1, E12, E5, E50 , E51, E52 Paper type: Empirical research  Dans cet article, nous élargissons le débat sur les déterminants de l'excès de liquidité bancaire en nous concentrant sur un nouveau mécanisme : l'accélérateur financier via la prime d'asymétrie d'information. Cette étude couvre la zone CEMAC, composée de six pays à savoir : le Cameroun, le Tchad, le Congo-Brazzaville, la République Centrafricaine, le Gabon et la Guinée Équatoriale. Les données pour chacun de ces pays sont des sources secondaires, couvrant la période trimestrielle 1994 à 2016. Ainsi, 88 observations sont prises en compte dans l'étude. Nous utilisons la simulation de choc dans un VAR structurel ainsi que l'analyse de co-intégration dans un modèle ARDL. L'analyse empirique montre que la rigidité financière provoquée par l'augmentation de la prime d'asymétrie d'information conduit à une baisse de l'investissement qui affaiblit l'activité économique. La baisse de l'activité économique amplifie l'augmentation de la prime d'asymétrie d'information entraînant une augmentation des réserves libres. Enfin lorsque l'effet de l'accélérateur financier est réduit en étirant la prime d'asymétrie d'information vers zéro, alors la politique de remboursement par appels d'offres favorise une baisse des taux d'intérêt, une profusion de crédit et par conséquent l'augmentation des investissements et de la consommation. Nous suggérons toutes mesures visant à réduire l'asymétrie d'information sur le marché du crédit, notamment, la création de bureaux de crédit et/ou de registres publics de crédit, la création d'agences de notation pour les entreprises et les particuliers, l'amélioration de la qualité des institutions dont la mauvaise qualité conduit au camouflage de l'information et à l'aléa moral.   Classification JEL:  E1, E12, E5, E50 , E51, E52 Type de l’article : Recherche appliqué

BAISSE DES TAUX DIRECTEURS ET COMPORTEMENT DE L’OFFRE DE CREDITS BANCAIRES AU CAMEROUN : Une approche ARDL et VAR

In this article, we analyze the reaction of the availability of bank credit to Cameroon following a rate cut from the Bank of Central African States (BEAC). This article stands out from previous work based on various assumptions and methodology. In addition to the VAR (Vector Auto Regressive) generally used nowadays, we used the Auto Regressive model to delay Echelonné1 (ARE). This was done so as to take account of the credit term dynamics when interest rates fall. The data covered the period from 1991 to 2014. Overall, the results show that the supply of credit reacts weakly to lower interest rates. This effect is justified by the combined excess bank liquidity to credit rationing. This study aims at improving the transmission of monetary policy through increase in reserve requirement ratio by BEAC. In addition, it aims to improve the institutional framework for access to bank credit, especially the development of the security market

Condom use and associated factors among men who have sex with men in Togo, West Africa

Introduction: in 2011, the prevalence of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Togo was estimated at 19.6% compared to 3.4% in the general population. This study aimed to describe condom use and associated factors among MSM in Togo. Methods: in 2011, a crosssectional survey was conducted using the snowball sampling method among MSM in Togo. This study enrolled MSM aged 18 years and above who reported having sexual contact with other men within the last 30 days. A standardized survey form was used for data collection, and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: A total of 724 MSM were included in this study. The median age was 25 years [22-28], 90.3% had at least a secondary school level. The sexual practices during the last sexual encounter with another man included: insertive anal sex (62.2%), receptive anal sex (56.6%), oral sex (33.8%) and oral-anal sex (8.6%). A condom was used during the last insertive and receptive anal encounters in 78.4% and 81.2% of the time, respectively. In multivariate analysis, condom use was positively associated with previous participation in HIV/STD prevention activities (aOR=1.72; 95% CI=[1.09-2.71]), with the consideration of the last sexual partner as a casual one (aOR=1.87; 95% CI=[1.24-2.82]) and with having at least a secondary school level (aOR=2.40; 95% CI=[1.22-4.69]). Conclusion: One out of five MSM did not use a condom during the last anal encounter with another man. HIV prevention programs in Africa should develop specific interventions targeting MSM to reduce the incidence of HIV in this hidden population.Pan African Medical Journal 2016; 2

APPLICATION OF DESIGN SPACE OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LC METHODS FOR SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF 18 ANTIRETROVIRAL MEDICINES AND 4 MAJOR EXCIPIENTS USED IN VARIOUS PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS

peer reviewedtAs one of the world’s most significant public health challenges in low- and middle-income countries,HIV/AIDS deserves to be treated with appropriate medicines, however which are not spared from coun-terfeiting. For that, we developed screening and specific HPLC methods that can analyze 18 antiretroviralmedicines (ARV) and 4 major excipients. Design of experiments and design space methodology wereinitially applied for 15 ARV and the 4 excipients with prediction thanks to Monte Carlo simulations andfocusing on rapidity and affordability thus using short column and low cost organic solvent (methanol)in gradient mode with 10 mM buffer solutions of ammonium hydrogen carbonate. Two other specificmethods dedicated to ARV in liquid and in solid dosage formulations were also predicted and opti-mized. We checked the ability of one method for the analysis of a fixed-dose combination composedby emtricitabine/tenofovir/efavirenz in tablet formulations. Satisfying validation results were obtainedby applying the total error approach taking into account the accuracy profile as decision tool. Then, thevalidated method was applied to test two samples coded A and B, and claimed to contain the tested ARV.Assay results were satisfying only for sample B

Chloroquine prophylaxis associated with high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Pfcrt K76T mutation in people with sickle-cell disease in Benin City, Nigeria

Background & objectives: High mortality and morbidity in sickle-cell disease has been associated with malaria infection especially in countries where chloroquine is used. Chloroquine resistance has been associated with the emergence of Pfcrt mutant genes. This study aimed at comparing the prevalence rate of Pfcrt T76 mutation in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from infected individuals with sickle-cell disease and sickle-cell trait. This study was carried out in Benin City between the months of April and June 2006. This period is marked with high transmission rate of malaria. Methods: The genotype of the subjects was screened using haemoglobin electrophoresis system and the P. falciparum. Pfcrt genotyping was carried out using PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).Results: Four hundred and twenty-four subjects comprising of 207 haemoglobin AA, 136 haemoglobin AS and 81 haemoglobin SS typed individuals were enrolled for this study. No significant difference existed in the prevalence rate of malaria in the three groups (p >0.05). However, the prevalence rate of Pfcrt K76T mutant gene was higher in the haemoglobin SS genotyped individuals than the haemoglobin AA and AS subjects (p<0.05).Interpretation & conclusion: An uncontrolled use of chloroquine has been incriminated as the major cause of chloroquine resistance in Nigeria. Therefore, rapid intervention measures are needed as a matter of urgency to curb the up rise in the prevalence of the chloroquine resistant genes in our environment

Integrating pediatric TB services into child healthcare services in Africa: study protocol for the INPUT cluster-randomized stepped wedge trial

Background Tuberculosis is among the top-10 causes of mortality in children with more than 1 million children suffering from TB disease annually worldwide. The main challenge in young children is the difficulty in establishing an accurate diagnosis of active TB. The INPUT study is a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized intervention study aiming to assess the effectiveness of integrating TB services into child healthcare services on TB diagnosis capacities in children under 5 years of age. Methods Two strategies will be compared: i) The standard of care, offering pediatric TB services based on national standard of care; ii) The intervention, with pediatric TB services integrated into child healthcare services: it consists of a package of training, supportive supervision, job aids, and logistical support to the integration of TB screening and diagnosis activities into pediatric services. The design is a cluster-randomized stepped-wedge of 12 study clusters in Cameroon and Kenya. The sites start enrolling participants under standard-of-care and will transition to the intervention at randomly assigned time points. We enroll children aged less than 5 years with a presumptive diagnosis of TB after obtaining caregiver written informed consent. The participants are followed through TB diagnosis and treatment, with clinical information prospectively abstracted from their medical records. The primary outcome is the proportion of TB cases diagnosed among children < 5 years old attending the child healthcare services. Secondary outcomes include: number of children screened for presumptive active TB; diagnosed; initiated on TB treatment; and completing treatment. We will also assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, its acceptability among health care providers and users, and fidelity of implementation. Discussion Study enrolments started in May 2019, enrolments will be completed in October 2020 and follow up will be completed by June 2021. The study findings will be disseminated to national, regional and international audiences and will inform innovative approaches to integration of TB screening, diagnosis, and treatment initiation into child health care services. Trial resistration NCT03862261, initial release 12 February 2019

Integrating pediatric TB services into child healthcare services in Africa: study protocol for the INPUT cluster-randomized stepped wedge trial

Background Tuberculosis is among the top-10 causes of mortality in children with more than 1 million children suffering from TB disease annually worldwide. The main challenge in young children is the difficulty in establishing an accurate diagnosis of active TB. The INPUT study is a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized intervention study aiming to assess the effectiveness of integrating TB services into child healthcare services on TB diagnosis capacities in children under 5 years of age. Methods Two strategies will be compared: i) The standard of care, offering pediatric TB services based on national standard of care; ii) The intervention, with pediatric TB services integrated into child healthcare services: it consists of a package of training, supportive supervision, job aids, and logistical support to the integration of TB screening and diagnosis activities into pediatric services. The design is a cluster-randomized stepped-wedge of 12 study clusters in Cameroon and Kenya. The sites start enrolling participants under standard-of-care and will transition to the intervention at randomly assigned time points. We enroll children aged less than 5 years with a presumptive diagnosis of TB after obtaining caregiver written informed consent. The participants are followed through TB diagnosis and treatment, with clinical information prospectively abstracted from their medical records. The primary outcome is the proportion of TB cases diagnosed among children < 5 years old attending the child healthcare services. Secondary outcomes include: number of children screened for presumptive active TB; diagnosed; initiated on TB treatment; and completing treatment. We will also assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, its acceptability among health care providers and users, and fidelity of implementation. Discussion Study enrolments started in May 2019, enrolments will be completed in October 2020 and follow up will be completed by June 2021. The study findings will be disseminated to national, regional and international audiences and will inform innovative approaches to integration of TB screening, diagnosis, and treatment initiation into child health care services.publishedVersio