Philanthropy in Europe: a Rich Past, a Promising Future

The purpose of this book is to showcase the rich diversity of the European foundation sector and to profile some of the personalities behind its evolution. The book's essays invite readers to explore some of the complex dynamics of the sector. The essays shed light on the various theories of change that foundations are following in their approach to civil society, science and research, and the market

Street Children / Children in the Streets: Achievements and Lessons Learned

This book presents the results and impact of the programme to help street children / children in the streets, which has been run for two years by the King Baudouin Foundation together with the Soros Foundations in ten Central and East European countries, working in partnership with the World Bank

New complexes of divalent thulium with substituted phospholyl and cyclopentadienyl ligands.

7 pages Full paperIn order to try to stabilise the Tm-II ion with phospholyl ligands lacking methyl groups at the 3 and 4 positions, the following ligand precursors were prepared: sodium 2,5-di-tert-butylphospholyl [Na(Htp)] (3) and sodium 2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)phospholyl [Na(Hsp)] (8). Because of its similar steric bulk, we also decided to use sodium di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl jNaCp(tt) (9) as a ligand precursor. Compound 3 was obtained by sodium cleavage of the P-P bond of 2,5,2',5'-tetra- tert-butyl-1,1'-diphosphole (2). Halogen-lithium exchange in 1,4-diiodo-1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)buta-1,3-diene (4) followed by reaction with PhPCl2 afforded 1-phenyl-2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphole (5). Treatment of 5 with lithium metal followed by oxidative treatment with iodine gave 2,5,2',5'-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1,1'-diphosphole (7) which could be transformed into 8 by treatment with sodium. Treatment of 3, 8 and 9 with [TmI2(THF)(3)] in diethylether yielded three new organothulium(II) complexes [Tm(Htp)(2)(THF)] (10), [Trn(Hsp)(2)(THF)] (11) and [Tm(Cp-tt)(2)(THF)] (12), respectively, which could be isolated pure as crystalline solids in low to moderate yields. Complexes 10, 11 and 12 were studied by X-ray crystallography and their structures compared with those of two previously described complexes, [Tm(Cp")(2)(THF)] 1 [Cp" = 1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl] and [Tm(Dtp)(2)(THF)] (13) (Dtp = 3,4-dimethyl-2,5di-tert-butylphospholyl). Although the phospholyl ligands may be slightly more bulky than their cyclopentadienyl counterparts, the structures of 1, 10, 11 and 12 are remarkably similar and are substantially different from that of the more bulky 13. (C) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheirn, Germany, 2005