Techno-Economic Analysis of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System for the Electrification of Iran Drilling Oil Rigs

This paper explores the potential of use of stand-alone hybrid wind/solar energy system in electrification of calibrating equipment of drilling oil rig in Iran. To achieve this, different hybrid energy system configurations based on calibration equipment demand are proposed. This study puts emphasis on the energy production and cost of energy from both wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) in the hybrid system. In addition, to make conditions more realistic, the real meteorological data is used for HOMER software to perform the technical and economic analysis of the hybrid system. Results indicate that the PV array shares more electricity production than the wind turbine generator if both wind turbine and PV array are utilized in the wind/solar hybrid system. Moreover, results show that the operational cost will be reduced by the suggested hybrid system

Mitigation of ferroresonance in power transmission network by applying UPFC and STATCOM

Ferroresonance phenomenon occurs in electrical circuits which are consisting of magnetizing cores, such as in the transmission and distribution networks with transformers, electrical machines or reactors. Transformers often operate close to the knee point of the magnetizing curve under normal condition. Therefore any sudden change in voltage or current can change the operating point on the magnetizing curve and saturation may result. This phenomenon is reflected in the change of the equivalent nonlinear reactance of the transformer. Now, if the value of the saturated reactance reaches a value such that it causes resonance with the equivalent capacitance of the network, then an over current or over voltage may occur. Transformers, electrical motors, reactors and generators are examples of equipment having magnetizing cores. Ferroresonance may cause melting of the lamination of the transformer or electrical machine which eventually may lead to the failure of the equipment. This type of fault can create long time interruptions. Possible causes of ferroresonance are switching, faults especially single line to ground or double line to ground, lightning, and Ferranti effect. Although some techniques had been applied to mitigate ferroresonance on CVTs, methods to mitigate ferroresonance on power transformers are almost not studied or reported. This report initially introduces the ferroresonance phenomenon, its definition and circumstances where it occurs. The software used for the simulation is then introduced, whereby the modeling work of the components relevant to the present work is discussed. The simulation work then follows, where suitable circuits for ferroresonance simulation were identified, including those for the mitigation techniques, namely the UPFC and STATCOM. The circuits used to represent the network are introduced and the simulation results are presented and discussed. The UPFC in mode-1 and the STATCOM techniques of mitigation had been shown to successfully mitigate the ferroresonance

Adaptive Mho distance relay for combined transmission line: An optimization technique for charging current compensation

The combined transmission system is expanding due to beatification and safety considerations and enhanced reliability in the distribution and transmission systems. It is expected to improve distance relay operation in presence of combined transmission system. Distance relay with Mho characteristics is simulated to mitigate the charging current effect of combined system with significant part of underground cable. The combined system is modelled mathematically based on the equivalent pi model to increase the accuracy. The distance relay is simulated based on the mathematical equation. The rate of charging current is compensation is extracted for single line to ground, line to line to ground and three-phase faults. The charging current compensation rate is extracted by direct search and the feasible solution is extracted by Utopia point approach. The findings show the fault with high resistance faces distance relay to mal-operation. The compensation of charging current can significantly mitigate the mis-operation rate of Mho distance relay. Due to the zone characteristics is constant, the selected value of charging current compensation required to have minimum overreach and underreach rates. By injecting the optimal charging current compensation rate at the relay point, the operation of Mho relay bounces to more than 99.5% for combined transmission system

Utilization photovoltaic plan for energy conservation and decrease CO2 in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

The fossil fuels combustion for electricity production releases greenhouse gasses (GHG) into the environment Currently, electricity price is raising rapidly, therefore cost saving and pollution preventing carry out by increase energy efficiency. This research investigate energy consumption pattern and co2 emission rate in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). In order to reduce Carbon Footprint and its impact on the environment in UTM solar power energy is used

Development of nonuniform transmission line protection for accurate distance protection: Computational analysis of an adaptive distance relay characteristic

Numerical distance relays are used in modern power system to boost the performance and reduce the computational burden of relay. Quadrilateral zone of distance relay is more suitable and capable of boundary modification on protection scheme. In this paper, an adaptive distance relay is introduced to tackle the maloperation problems encountered in non-uniform structure of combined transmission system, in which the zone 1 of distance relay is modified. Two boundaries are modified with fifth degree of polynomial equation for quadrilateral zone characteristic. Appropriate objective functions are defined to minimize the increment in relay zone, maloperation rate, and boundary accuracy error. The multiobjective optimization problem is solved by using genetic algorithm. According to the extensive computational analysis results performed by MATLAB, the high accuracy of the proposed adaptive relay was achieved. Furthermore, the proposed method has the ability to encompass all faults and tackles the influence of various power system conditions by finding the optimized equation coefficients for the nonuniform structures

Assessment of carbon footprint from transportation, electricity, water, and waste generation: towards utilisation of renewable energy sources

Daily human activities generate greenhouse gases. The total emission of greenhouse gases is called the carbon footprint and is expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) units. As a new educational institution, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) began to take part in an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) programme that supports the reduction in carbon emissions. In this study, the total amount of CO2 produced from UTM during 4 years was measured under three categories: (1) the emissions from the fleet of university vehicles for public transportation, (2) the electricity and water emissions, and (3) the emissions produced by staff and student transportation, waste generation, paper, and maintenance by contractors. The special evaluation method is an alternative method to calculate greenhouse gases and measures all elements/sources of greenhouse gases under the same functional unit. This reference helps the assessor to avoid the double measurement of anthropogenic gases. The study results demonstrated that air transportation utilised by university students and employees and electricity usage contributed to 34.74%, 19.37%, and 18.19% of the carbon emissions, respectively. The total CO2 emissions from the three sources over 4 years were 48.442 MT. The data on the carbon footprint of the university can form the basis for monitoring, evaluation, and regulation of greenhouse gas emissions in Malaysia. Moreover, the university constructed and operates a smart house, a large solar parking lot with a capacity of 10 MW, uses solar and wind-powered lighting, and encourages the use of bicycles and electric scooters to achieve an annual reduction in the total CO2 emissions intensity. The results of this study suggested that a carbon reduction project could encourage university members and public society to an understanding of the environment and allowing UTM to become a centre of excellence for the operation of a green campus for urban areas